Lane v. Winchester Hosp.

• Decision Date: 17 May 2022
• Docket Number: 21-P-476
• Citation: 101 Mass.App.Ct. 74,187 N.E.3d 1025
• Parties: Emily LANE v. WINCHESTER HOSPITAL & another.
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts

101 Mass.App.Ct. 74

187 N.E.3d 1025

Emily LANE

v.WINCHESTER HOSPITAL & another.¹

No. 21-P-476

Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Middlesex.

Argued February 10, 2022.

Decided May 17, 2022.

Tory A. Weigand, Boston, for Winchester Hospital.

William P. Doyle, III, Lynnfield, for the plaintiff.

Present: Meade, Blake, & Neyman, JJ.

MEADE, J.

This interlocutory appeal presents the question whether the underlying civil action was one alleging ordinary negligence or one which claimed medical malpractice against defendant Winchester Hospital (hospital).² A Superior Court judge held that this was a case involving allegations of ordinary negligence. We vacate the interlocutory order and remand for further proceedings.

1. Background. This matter was initiated by Emily Lane's G. L. c. 231, § 60L, letter to the hospital stating her intention to name the hospital as a defendant in a "negligence action for medical malpractice" arising out of her care at the hospital. After the hospital denied any medical negligence, Lane filed a complaint that alleged a variety of negligence claims based on her medical treatment, and the administration of medication in the hospital's emergency room. After the hospital filed its answer, Lane failed to file an offer of proof in accordance with Rule 73 of the Rules of the Superior Court (2018). As a result, the hospital requested a Superior Court judge to enter a finding pursuant to G. L. c. 231, § 60B, that Lane failed to present sufficient evidence to raise a legitimate question of liability appropriate for judicial inquiry.

Following Lane's opposition, the judge denied the hospital's motion and held that the matter was not subject to the procedures of G. L. c. 231, § 60B. The judge held as follows:

"This action is not for medical malpractice, but ordinary negligence. The claim that the [hospital] should have, but did not, check its own records for [Lane]’s known allergens prior to giving her medication to which she is allergic, raises questions that ‘[do] not involve professional or technical knowledge for which a jury need[s] expert aid, [but] [r]ather, ... a commonsense determination regarding the understanding of an ordinary reasonably prudent person.’ Cottam v. CVS Pharmacy, 436 Mass. 316, 326 (2002)."³

2. The complaint. As alleged in the complaint,⁴ Lane was born in 2001, and she was later diagnosed with "a severe [lactose] allergy." On April 19, 2015, Lane suffered a "severe asthma

attack" and was taken by an ambulance to the hospital's emergency room. At the time of Lane's admission, the hospital was aware of her lactose allergy. In the course of her treatment in the emergency room, Lane was administered a dose of "depomedrol dexamethasone solumedrol (40 mg act-o-vial)," which contained, as one of its ingredients, lactose.⁵ After she received the medication, Lane stopped breathing on her own, had to be resuscitated, and was deemed in critical condition. Lane alleged that the hospital was responsible for her severe and life-threatening adverse reaction, as well as her physical injuries.

Lane's complaint set out seven counts against the hospital and its pharmacy as follows: negligence in "reviewing and dispensing medication containing lactose" (count I); negligence in "ordering and administering medication" (count II); negligence in "communicati[ng] with ... Winchester Hospital Inpatient Pharmacy regarding [a] warning in [Lane's] medical chart that she had a lactose allergy" (count III); breach of the duty of care "not [to] administer a medication it knew or should have known [Lane] was allergic to" (count IV); breach of the standard of care "by ordering and administering a medication containing lactose to [Lane] who had a known lactose allergy" (count V); gross and willful negligence in "failing to properly instruct its employees and to properly check [Lane's] records which showed that [she] ha[d] a dairy allergy" (count VI); and breach of the hospital's "duty not to cause harm" (count VII).

3. Discussion. a. Medical malpractice. General Laws c. 231, § 60B, governs actions for "malpractice, error or mistake against a provider of health care" and requires that any such action be referred to a medical malpractice tribunal. The breadth of this language shows that the Legislature intended that all "treatment-related" claims be referred to medical malpractice tribunals. Little v. Rosenthal, 376 Mass. 573, 576, 382 N.E.2d 1037 (1978). See Vasa v. Compass Med., P.C., 456 Mass. 175, 177, 921 N.E.2d 963 (2010). This is also supported by the legislative history of § 60B, which reveals that "the Legislature declined to restrict the tribunal's jurisdiction to ‘every action of tort or breach of contract.’ " Little, supra. Instead, the Legislature chose language "which evinces an intent that every case involving medical malpractice be appraised by a § 60B screening tribunal. ‘There is no apparent exception.’ " Id., quoting Austin v. Boston Univ. Hosp., 372 Mass. 654, 660, 363 N.E.2d 515 (1977). See Bing v. Drexler, 69 Mass. App. Ct. 186, 189, 866 N.E.2d 996 (2007).

In enacting the statute, the Legislature did not define what constitutes an "action for malpractice, error or mistake." Brodie v. Gardner Pierce Nursing & Rest Home, Inc., 9 Mass. App. Ct. 639, 641, 403 N.E.2d 1184 (1980). In light of that, it is appropriate for us to look at what the Legislature was trying to remedy or address when § 60B was enacted. See Hanlon v. Rollins, 286 Mass. 444, 447, 190 N.E. 606 (1934) ("statute must be interpreted according to the intent of the Legislature ascertained from all the words construed by the ordinary and approved usage of the language, considered in connection with the cause of its enactment, the mischief or imperfection to be remedied and the main object to be accomplished, to the end that the purpose of its framers may be effectuated"). "The purpose of § 60B, as stated in the preamble to St. 1975, c. 362, which established the tribunal, was ‘to guarantee the continued availability of medical malpractice insurance.’ " Brodie, supra. To achieve that end, the statute was designed "to discourage frivolous claims whose defense would tend to increase premium charges for medical malpractice insurance." Id., quoting Austin, 372 Mass. at 655 n.4, 363 N.E.2d 515. See Paro v. Longwood Hosp., 373 Mass. 645, 647, 369 N.E.2d 985 (1977).

In addition to the legislative purpose of the tribunal, our case law highlights several factors relevant to whether the complained-of acts are properly viewed as medical malpractice or otherwise. These factors include the following: (1) whether medical or professional judgment or competence was exercised, see Santos v. Kim, 429 Mass. 130, 133-134, 706 N.E.2d 658 (1999) ; see also Leininger v. Franklin Med. Ctr., 404 Mass. 245, 248, 534 N.E.2d 1151 (1989) ; (2) whether the claim is "treatment-related," even if not a traditional malpractice claim, Lambley v. Kameny, 43 Mass. App. Ct. 277, 282, 682 N.E.2d 907 (1997), quoting Little, 376 Mass. at 576, 382 N.E.2d 1037 ; and (3) whether "the same set of facts supports both" the medical malpractice and allegedly nonmedical claims, Little, supra at 577, 382 N.E.2d 1037 ; Lambley, supra at 281 n.8, 682 N.E.2d 907. An examination of these factors (none of which is conclusive), against the legislative backdrop of § 60B, leads to the conclusion that the judge here improperly resolved the question whether this case was one for medical malpractice or ordinary negligence.

Here, the gravamen of the complaint sufficiently identified this case as one for medical malpractice, error, or mistake, and not merely ordinary negligence. Lane's claims centered on her arriving at the emergency room suffering from an asthma

attack, and the hospital's failure to provide a proper medication to her, which resulted in a severe allergic reaction. More specifically, the hospital was alleged to have deviated from the "standard of care" by administering a medication containing lactose to Lane, who had a lactose allergy known to the hospital. Lane further alleged that the hospital failed to abide by the applicable standard of care in "ordering and administering medication," failing to properly communicate with the hospital pharmacy, and failing to properly instruct staff to check patients’ records for allergies.

As detailed above, the fabric of Lane's claims was woven with the same common threads of medical judgment related to treatment and care that appear in other medical malpractice cases. Compare Vasa, 456 Mass. at 180-181, 921 N.E.2d 963 (doctors’ failure to warn patient about effects of medical treatment involved questions of treatment-related medical activity involving medical judgment); Salem Orthopedic Surgeons, Inc. v. Quinn, 377 Mass. 514, 517-518, 386 N.E.2d 1268 (1979) (breach of contract claim alleging failure to produce medical result alleged medical malpractice); Little, 376 Mass. at 575-577, 382 N.E.2d 1037 (tribunal properly exercised jurisdiction over complaint that alleged medical care violated G. L. c. 93A as unfair trade practice); Vacca v. Brigham & Women's Hosp., Inc., 98 Mass. App. Ct. 463, 471-472, 156 N.E.3d 800 (2020) (breach of contract claim brought against hospital alleging promise of free care alleged medical malpractice); and Lambley, 43 Mass. App. Ct. at 279-282, 682 N.E.2d 907 (job applicant's defamation and interference with advantageous business relations suit against psychiatrist, who found him unfit for police work, was medical malpractice action); with McMahon v. Glixman, 379 Mass. 60, 67-68, 393 N.E.2d 875 (1979) (whether plaintiff's claim was barred by statute of limitations was not within jurisdiction of tribunal); Koltin v. Beth Israel Deaconess Med. Ctr., 62 Mass. App. Ct. 920, 920-921, 817 N.E.2d 809 (2004) (claims of assault and battery, false imprisonment, and intentional infliction of emotional distress by hospital security guards did not allege medical malpractice); and Flagg v. Scott, 9 Mass. App. Ct. 811, 812, 397 N.E.2d...