Lenz v. Ridgewood Associates

• Decision Date: 15 December 1981
• Docket Number: No. 8118SC289,8118SC289
• Citation: 55 N.C.App. 115,284 S.E.2d 702
• Parties: Lawrence O. LENZ v. RIDGEWOOD ASSOCIATES, a General Partnership, and Weaver Realty Company, Inc.
• Court: North Carolina Court of Appeals

Page 702

284 S.E.2d 702

55 N.C.App. 115

Lawrence O. LENZ v. RIDGEWOOD ASSOCIATES, a General Partnership, and Weaver Realty Company, Inc.

No. 8118SC289.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

Dec. 15, 1981.

Donald K. Speckhard, Greensboro, for plaintiff-appellant.

Perry C. Henson by Jack B. Bayliss, Jr., Greensboro, for defendants-appellees.

WELLS, Judge.

In one of his assignments of error, plaintiff contends the trial court erred in granting defendants' motion for a directed verdict at the close of plaintiff's evidence. We agree with plaintiff's argument and reverse.

The grounds stated by defendants in their motion clearly define the issues in the appeal. Defendants' motion asserted that because the evidence showed the ice on defendants' premises resulted from a natural accumulation, defendants had no duty to plaintiff; but that if there was a duty, defendants had not breached it; and that if there was evidence of a duty and a breach, plaintiff's own evidence showed him to be contributorily negligent as a matter of law.

We first address the issue of duty. At the outset, we emphasize the residential tenant-landlord relationship between plaintiff and defendants in this case. The common law duty of a landlord to maintain premises in a safe condition so as to avoid injury to his tenants has been the subject of a number of decisions of our appellate courts. There are two lines of cases: one, those involving the condition of the premises occupied by the tenant, and two, those involving the condition of common areas, or those portions of the premises remaining under the control of the landlord. We are concerned here with the second line of cases, but emphasize that the two lines must be carefully distinguished. See Thompson v. Shoemaker, 7 N.C.App. 687, 173 S.E.2d 627 (1970). In the first line--those cases dealing with the condition of the demised premises--our appellate courts have consistently held that the failure of the landlord to maintain the demised premises in a safe condition does not ordinarily give rise to an action by the tenant for personal injury arising out of a defective condition of the demised premises. Robinson v. Thomas, 244 N.C. 732, 94 S.E.2d 911 (1956) (porch floor gave way); Harrill v. Refining Co., 225 N.C. 421, 35 S.E.2d 240 (1945) (service station door fell); Leavitt v. Rental Co., 222 N.C. 81, 21 S.E.2d 890 (1942) (ceiling plaster fell); Jordan v. Miller, 179 N.C. 73, 101 S.E. 550 (1919) (hole in stairway). ¹ Floyd v. Jarrell, 18 N.C.App. 418, 197 S.E.2d 229 (1973) (rat bite). See also Knuckles v. Spaugh, 26 N.C.App. 340, 215 S.E.2d 825 (1975), cert. denied, 288 N.C. 241, 217 S.E.2d 665 (1975); Compare Flying Club v. Flying Service, 254 N.C. 775, 119 S.E.2d 878 (1961). ²

In the second line of cases, however, our appellate courts have recognized the duty of a landlord to safely maintain those portions of rental property over which he maintains control, including so-called "common areas", such as hallways, steps, and sidewalks. In Drug Stores v. Gur-Sil Corp., 269 N.C. 169, 152 S.E.2d 77 (1967), plaintiff leased the basement of a building owned by defendants. Plaintiff's space was flooded after a heavy rain, causing damage to plaintiff's goods. Plaintiff alleged that defendant had failed to exercise ordinary care to provide proper drainage. The trial court sustained a demurrer to plaintiff's complaint. In overruling the court, our Supreme Court stated the rule in such cases as follows:

Where a landlord leases only a portion of the premises to a tenant and retains the remainder under his control ... he is bound to use reasonable and ordinary care in managing the part over which he retains control, and is liable for negligence in respect thereof proximately resulting in injury to his tenant.

In support of the quoted rule, the court in Drug Stores cited Steffan v. Mieselman, 223 N.C. 154, 25 S.E.2d 626 (1943), where the court affirmed a judgment for plaintiff for damages to his restaurant resulting from the overflow of his landlord's second story toilet.

In Hood v. Mitchell, 206 N.C. 156, 173 S.E. 61 (1934), the Court upheld recovery by plaintiff-tenant for injuries he received as a result of defendant-landlord's negligent failure to properly maintain an elevator in the building where plaintiff's office was located.

Against this background of the common law as it has been applied in North Carolina, we now must consider the impact of the pertinent provisions of North Carolina's Residential Rental Agreement Act ³ on plaintiff's claim in this case. In pertinent part, the Act provides as follows:

§ 42-38. Application.--This Article determines the rights, obligations, and remedies under a rental agreement for a dwelling unit within this State.

§ 42-40. Definitions.--For the purpose of this Article, the following definitions shall apply:

(2) "Premises" means a dwelling unit, including mobile homes or mobile home spaces, and the structure of which it is a part and facilities and appurtenances therein and grounds, areas, and facilities normally held out for the use of residential tenants who are using the dwelling unit as their primary residence.

....

§ 42-42. Landlord to provide fit premises.--(a) The landlord shall:

(3) Keep all common areas of the premises in safe condition;

....

§ 42-44. General remedies and limitations.--(a) Any right or obligation declared by this Chapter is enforceable by civil action, in addition to other remedies of law and in equity.

(d) A violation of this Article shall not constitute negligence per se.

In support of their argument as to lack of defendants' duty or lack of a breach thereof in this case, defendants have cited a long line of invitee cases from our appellate courts. ⁴ We emphasize that invitee cases are not apposite in cases involving actions between landlords and tenants who are injured by the landlord's failure to maintain common areas in safe condition.

We note that neither are "duty to warn" cases apposite here. The duty we recognize in this case is not a duty to warn of unsafe conditions; it is the duty to correct unsafe conditions. If such natural accumulations of ice constitute an unsafe condition, the duty is to correct those conditions. By providing that a violation of statute does not constitute negligence per se, the General Assembly left intact established common law standards of ordinary and reasonable care in such cases, the violation of such a statute being only evidence of negligence. Cowan v. Transfer Co. and Carr v. Transfer Co., 262 N.C. 550, 138 S.E.2d 228 (1964); Kinney v. Goley and Crowson v. Goley and Noll v. Golley, 4 N.C.App. 325, 167 S.E.2d 97 (1969); see also Mintz v. Foster, 35 N.C.App. 638, 242 S.E.2d 181 (1978).

Plaintiff's evidence tends to show that he fell and was injured at about 10:30 a.m. on 20 January 1978. At the place on defendants' sidewalk where plaintiff fell, there was ice which had formed during a previous ice storm a month before, and newer, "slicker" ice which had accumulated during the day and night of 19 January. The accumulation of ice covered all of the sidewalks between his apartment, his point of departure, and the apartment parking lot, his destination. Plaintiff made his way without mishap to the place where he fell, only a few feet from the parking lot. Plaintiff testified in pertinent part as follows:

On the morning of January 20, 1978, I got up around 6:15 and saw that it was very icy outside. Ice had come from the previous night so I didn't plan to go to school. I thought Greensboro College would be closed since so many other schools were closed; but, just to make sure, I called Greensboro College and it had not closed. I called the college around 7:00 o'clock a.m. and told them I would be in a little later because of the ice situation. I wanted to wait but I had classes and the laboratory for the afternoon that I wanted to attend. I called the college again around 8:30 a.m. or quarter to nine and was told that classes were going on and everybody had to come in so there was no reason I shouldn't go..... I waited until approximately 10:30 a.m. because I figured something would be done with the ice by then. The rain--the sleet had stopped early in the morning, I remember, right after I got up, about 6:30, you know--the rain had stopped then where we were at. So about 10:30 a.m. I decided to try to make it to my car and go to school. When I got to my front door I decided that I would take my usual route to my car and I walked very gingerly and carefully over the ice because I knew there was a lot of it and it was very slick. I was raised on it out in the midwest and up north and I was very much aware of what was out there. I had covered most of the distance to my car and only had a very short distance to go. I had to cross over another patch of ice that was on a concrete base which was the worst part, the slickest part. It wouldn't give and it was on that part just before I got to my car that I slipped. The ice there was fairly uneven. In the place that I walked out, no sand, or anything had been put down on the ice.....

On cross-examination, plaintiff testified that he could have taken an alternate route from his apartment to the parking lot, over a short span of sidewalk and hence through the grass to the parking lot; but that had he taken such route, he nevertheless would have been faced with negotiating some areas of ice-covered sidewalks.

An exhibit introduced by plaintiff, together with plaintiff's testimony, shows that the route plaintiff chose took him through some grass, but that he traversed more sidewalk on his chosen route than would have been involved on the alternate route.

Plaintiff's evidence, taken as true and considered in the light most favorable to him, Dickinson v. Pake, 284 N.C. 576, 201 S.E.2d 897 (1973), would permit but not require a jury to find that plaintiff was defendants' tenant; that defendants allowed a natural accumulation of ice to remain on the...