Long v. Pinto

• Decision Date: 18 December 1981
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Parties: David M. LONG, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Jerry M. PINTO, Defendant and Respondent. Civ. 22961.

Page 182

179 Cal.Rptr. 182

126 Cal.App.3d 946

David M. LONG, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Jerry M. PINTO, Defendant and Respondent.

Civ. 22961.

Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 1, California.

Dec. 18, 1981.

John N. Learnard, San Diego, for plaintiff and appellant.

Solomon, Ward, Seidenwurm, Ravin & Smith and William W. Ravin, San Diego, for defendant and respondent.

LEVITT, Associate Justice. ^*

David M. Long, plaintiff, appeals a superior court order of summary judgment in favor of defendant, Jerry M. Pinto, in a suit for libel, interference with contract and interference with prospective economic gain.

In early 1976, Dr. Long applied for staff privileges at Mercy Hospital. In July the hospital's Surgical Supervising Committee denied the application. Long appealed the decision. The appeal prompted the Supervising Committee to form a Judicial Review Committee (Committee) to look into Long's professional qualifications. The inquiry included a review of files on Long held at other hospitals where he already had staff privileges. Long consented to the review process.

Pinto, a surgeon, was appointed by the Committee to review Long's files at Alvarado Hospital. Concerned over information uncovered by his review, Pinto sent a letter on May 20, 1977, to the Board of Medical Quality Assurance (BMQA) a state agency responsible for reviewing the performance of doctors licensed to practice in California. In the letter, Pinto called attention to what he felt was a large number of unnecessary operations performed on elderly rest home patients. He claimed such surgical activity should never have been allowed by the hospital's Surgical Supervising Committee. The letter implicates, but does not name, Long as the doctor who performed the operations. Pinto sent a copy of the letter to the Board of Directors at Alvarado Hospital.

There is no doubt the letter to BQMA is absolutely privileged. BMQA is an administrative agency responsible for the "quality of medical practice carried out by physician and surgeon certificate holders under the jurisdiction of the board." (Bus. & Prof.Code, §§ 2001; 2004(e)). Pinto's letter was sent to prompt board action and was thus part of an official proceeding (King v. Borges (1972) 28 Cal.App.3d 27, 34, 104 Cal.Rptr. 414). A publication made in any legislative, judicial or other official proceeding authorized by law is absolutely privileged (Civ.Code, § 47(2); Ascherman v. Natanson (1972) 23 Cal.App.3d 861, 865, 100 Cal.Rptr. 656).

The sole issue on appeal is whether the copy of the letter sent to the board of directors at Alvarado Hospital (a private facility) was absolutely privileged. We hold it was.

A hospital with more than five physicians is required to be self-governing and have procedures for assessment of the competence and worthiness of its medical staff (Bus. & Prof.Code, § 2282). Goodley v. Sullivant (1973) 32 Cal.App.3d 619, 108 Cal.Rptr. 451, held publications made in relation to such procedures were absolutely privileged (id. at p. 625, 108 Cal.Rptr. 451; accord Westlake Community Hosp. v. Superior Court (1976) 17 Cal.3d 465, 481-482, 131 Cal.Rptr. 90, 551 P.2d 410).

Long contends, however, no privilege exists as there was no request for the copy of the letter by any official or quasi-judicial body and no investigation of any nature was underway at Alvarado. A communication designed to prompt action is as much a part of the "official proceeding" as a communication made after the proceedings have commenced (King v. Borges, supra, 28 Cal.App.3d 27, 34, 104 Cal.Rptr. 414; accord Martin v. Kearney (1975) 51 Cal.App.3d 309, 322, 124 Cal.Rptr. 281).

Long next contends Hackethal v. Weissbein (1979) 24 Cal.3d 55, 154 Cal.Rptr. 423, 592 P.2d 1175, which overruled Goodley on the question of Civil Code section 47(2)'s applicability to private hospital committees, should apply here retroactively.

As a general rule, a Supreme Court decision overruling a former decision is retrospective in its operation (County of Los Angeles v. Faus (1957) 48 Cal.2d 672, 680-681, 312 P.2d 680). However, an exception to this rule is recognized when considerations of fairness and public policy preclude full retroactivity (In re Marriage of Brown (1976) 15 Cal.3d 838, 850, 126 Cal.Rptr. 633, 544 P.2d 561). The issue of "fairness" turns primarily on two factors: the extent of public reliance on the former rule and the ability of litigants to foresee the change in the law (Neel v. Magana, Olney, Levy, Cathcart & Gelfand (1971) 6 Cal.3d 176, 193, 98 Cal.Rptr. 837, 491 P.2d 421).

The purpose of section 47(2) is to allow free and open access to those tribunals charged with controlling unethical or illegal activity. The importance of unabashed input into investigations outweighs the occasional harm which may befall a defamed individual (King v. Borges, supra 28 Cal.App.3d 27, 34, 104 Cal.Rptr. 414). When Pinto sent the letters he was immune from liability for libel under interpretations of the statute by both the appellate (Goodley v. Sullivant, supra, 32 Cal.App.3d 619, 625, 108 Cal.Rptr. 451) and Supreme (Westlake Community Hosp. v. Superior Court, supra, 17 Cal.3d 465, 481-482, 131 Cal.Rptr. 90, 551 P.2d 410) Courts. Once a publication is protected by an absolute privilege, it must remain so despite later changes in the law. Otherwise the policy of encouraging candid testimony would be undermined.

Both Goodley and Westlake are unanimous decisions. They are consistent with the language, purpose and past judicial interpretations of section 47(2). (See Hackethal v....