Lopata v. State

• Decision Date: 16 July 1973
• Docket Number: No. 805,805
• Citation: 307 A.2d 721,18 Md.App. 451
• Parties: Bruno Anthony LOPATA, Jr. v. STATE of Maryland.
• Court: Court of Special Appeals of Maryland

Page 451

18 Md.App. 451

307 A.2d 721

Bruno Anthony LOPATA, Jr. v. STATE of Maryland.

No. 805.

Court of Special Appeals of Maryland.

July 16, 1973.

Certiorari Denied Oct. 1, 1973.

Stephen L. Miles, Towson, for appellant.

Arrie W. Davis, Asst. Atty. Gen., with whom were Francis B. Burch, Atty. Gen., Milton B. Allen, State's Atty., for Baltimore City, and Barbara Daly, Asst. State's Atty., for Baltimore City, on the brief, for appellee.

Argued before MORTON, MOYLAN and SCANLAN, JJ.

MOYLAN, Judge.

Appealing his conviction by Judge Paul A. Dorf, sitting without a jury, in the Criminal Court of Baltimore for receiving a stolen automobile, the appellant, Bruno Anthony Lopata, Jr., claims that a garage search yielding the stolen car was unconstitutional. His claim fails for either of two self-sufficient reasons:

(1) The appellant had no standing to contest the search; and

(2) The search, in any event, was made pursuant to a voluntary consent.

The Threshold Question of Standing

As a salutary limitation upon the operation of the exclusionary rule, the notion of standing precludes one person from asserting vicariously the Fourth Amendment claims of another. It is not enough for a defendant to show that someone's constitutional rights have been violated; he must show that his constitutional rights have been violated. In Palmer v. State,14 Md.App. 159, 286 A.2d 572, we traced at length the development and present parameters of the law of standing. We there pointed out that the fountainhead of present-day standing to object to searches or seizures is Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960). Standing to object to the search of a place must be based upon either of two relationships to the situs of the search:

(1) A present possessory interest in the property searched; or

(2) Legitimate presence upon the premises.

The appellant had neither.

At approximately 2:30 p. m. on February 4, 1972, the appellant was safely in the Baltimore City Jail. At that time, Sgt. William C. Hughes, of the Special Investigation Division of the Baltimore City Police Department, went to a garage located in the rear of 1117 Weldon Avenue. The lessee of the garage was Charles Mungert. Mungert, a body and fender auto mechanic, permitted free access to the garage to a number of people. He permitted the appellant and the appellant's brother to keep some automobile parts there. He testified that he was going to help the appellant's brother put a motor in the brother's 1967 Pontiac. He testified that he did not know where the motor was to come from but that one was subsequently delivered 'by two boys in a red panel truck.' The appellant paid Mungert nothing for the use of the garage.

It is clear that, within the contemplation of Jones, the appellant had no 'present possessory interest' in the Weldon Avenue garage. The first predicate upon which to base standing was, therefore, unavailable to him. Jones, in liberalizing the harsh limitations which had theretofore denied standing to guests, licensees and invitees, in 1960 extended the right to object to a search to all those 'legitimately on the premises' at the time of the questioned search. That extension, however, was limited to those 'on the premises' at the time. The jailed appellant obviously was not that. The second predicate upon which to base standing was, thus, also unavailable to him.

The very recent decision of the Supreme Court on the law of standing, Brown v. United States, 411 U.S. 223, 93 S.Ct. 1565, 36 L.Ed.2d 208 handed down on April 17, 1973, is on all fours with the case at bar. Brown was convicted of transporting stolen goods in interstate commerce. Brown, as in the case at bar, stored the stolen goods in the premises of someone else. Brown, as in the case at bar, was not present when the search of that premises was executed. In Brown, furthermore, the search of the co-conspirator's premises was held to be unconstitutional and a motion to suppress was granted as to him. Notwithstanding that clear unconstitutionality as to one with standing, Brown was held to be beyond the pale of the Fourth Amendment protection. The Supreme Court disposed of Brown's claim as follows:

'In deciding this case, therefore, it is sufficient to hold that there is no standing to contest a search and seizure where, as here, the defendants: (a) were not on the premises at the time of the contested search and seizure; (b) had no proprietary or possessory interest in the premises . . .'

The Supreme Court concluded, in Brown:

'(P)etitioners had no standing to contest the defective warrant used to search Knuckles' store; they could not then and cannot now rely on the Fourth Amendment rights of another. 'Fourth Amendment rights are personal rights which, like some other constitutional rights, may not be vicariously asserted. Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960).' Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165, 174, 89 S.Ct. 961, 966, 22 L.Ed.2d 176 (1969).'

Consent to Search

Even though the lack of standing could in and of itself dispose of the appellant's Fourth Amendment claim, we deliberately elect to point out that, in any event, the search of the garage here was constitutionally valid pursuant to a voluntary consent, because of the appropriatness of the Supreme Court's recent pronouncement in Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, -- U.S. --, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854, handed down on May 29, 1973. Schneckloth dealt for the first time with the quality of consent required to meet Fourth Amendment standards.

From its previous decisions which had touched on the question of consent, Davis v. United States, 328 U.S. 582, 593-594, 66 S.Ct. 1256, 90 L.Ed. 1453 (1946); Zap v. United States, 328 U.S. 624, 630, 66 S.Ct. 1277, 90 L.Ed. 1477 (1946); Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967); Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543, 548, 88 S.Ct. 1788, 20 L.Ed.2d 797 (1968), and Vale v. Louisiana, 399 U.S. 30, 35, 90 S.Ct. 1969, 26 L.Ed.2d 409 (1970), the Supreme Court in Schneckloth distilled the principle that to be constitutionally valid, a consent to search must be 'voluntary.' It then put the issue:

'The precise question in this case, then, is what must the state prove to demonstrate that a consent was 'voluntarily' given.'

The Court then turned, for guidance in answering that question, to the 'most extensive judicial exposition of the meaning of voluntariness" which had been developed in 'some 30 different cases' between Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278, 56 S.Ct. 461, 80 L.Ed. 682 (1936), and Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 84 S.Ct. 1758, 12 L.Ed.2d 977 (1964). During those years before Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), established an ironclad ritual, the voluntariness of a confession was judged by the 'totality of the circumstances.' Under that standard of measurement, no one factor, by its presence or absence, could determine the ultimate issue. Under that 'totality' approach:

"The ultimate test remains that which has been the only clearly established test in Anglo-American Courts for two hundred years: the test of voluntariness. Is the (act at issue) the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker?

If it is, if he has willed to (so act), it may be used against him. If it is not, if his will has been overborne and his capacity for self-determination critically impaired, the use of his (action) offends due process.' Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568, 81 S.Ct. 1860, 6 L.Ed.2d 1037 (1961).'

After cataloguing the myriad factors, bearing on both the conduct of the police and on the character of the accused, Schneckloth concluded:

'The significant fact about all of these decisions is that none of them turned on the presence or absence of a single controlling criterion; each reflected a careful scrutiny of all the surrounding circumstances. . . .

Similar considerations lead us to agree with the courts of California that the question whether a consent to a search was in fact 'voluntary' or was the product of duress or coercion, express or implied, is a question of fact to be determined from the totality of all the circumstances.'

The Supreme Court rejected flatly the proposition, advanced by the appellant here, that the police must warn the property owner that he has a right to refuse to consent:

'One alternative that would go far towards proving that the subject of a search did know he had a right to refuse consent would be to advise him of that right before eliciting his consent. That, however, is a suggestion that has been almost universally repudiated by both federal and state courts, and, we think, rightly so. For it would be thoroughly impractical to impose on the...