Lovgren v. Peoples Elec. Co., Inc., C7-84-2210

• Citation: 380 N.W.2d 791
• Decision Date: 07 February 1986
• Docket Number: No. C7-84-2210,C7-84-2210
• Parties: Ellis LOVGREN, et al., Petitioners, Appellants, v. PEOPLES ELECTRIC COMPANY, INC., Respondent.
• Court: Minnesota Supreme Court

Page 791

380 N.W.2d 791

Ellis LOVGREN, et al., Petitioners, Appellants, v. PEOPLES ELECTRIC COMPANY, INC., Respondent.

No. C7-84-2210.

Supreme Court of Minnesota.

Feb. 7, 1986.

Syllabus by the Court

1. Following this court's decision in Pacific Indemnity Co. v. Thompson-Yaeger, Inc., 260 N.W.2d 548 (Minn.1977), causes of action for personal injury claims arising out of defective or unsafe improvements to real property that existed prior to 1980 are governed by the general 6-year statute of limitations for tort causes of action. The 2-year statute of limitations for such claims provided in Minn.Stat. Sec. 541.051 (1984) applies only to causes of action arising after August 1, 1980, the effective date of the statute.

2. Since appellant brought his claim against respondent within 6 years of the date his claim accrued, he is not barred under the applicable statute of limitations.

Joseph Herbuluck, Minneapolis, for appellants.

Eric J. Magnuson, David M. Bolt, Minneapolis, for respondent.

Lee F. Haskell, Minneapolis, for City of Burnsville; Michael W. Unger, Minneapolis, for MN Trial Lawyers Ass'n, amicus.

Heard, considered and decided by the court en banc.

YETKA, Justice.

On August 14, 1981, appellants Ellis and Phyllis Lovgren amended their pending cause of action to include as a defendant Peoples Electric Company, Inc., respondent. Peoples Electric moved for summary judgment on September 24, 1984. The Hennepin County District Court granted the motion and dismissed the suit on November 7, 1984. The Lovgrens appealed to the Minnesota Court of Appeals, which affirmed the district court dismissal on May 21, 1985, Lovgren v. Peoples Electric Co., Inc., 368 N.W.2d 16. On June 13, 1985, the Lovgrens petitioned this court for further review, and the court granted the petition on July 26, 1985. On the same date, the court permitted the Minnesota Trial Lawyers' Association to file an amicus curiae brief. We reverse and remand for trial.

On September 9, 1975, appellant Ellis Lovgren, a 48-year-old electrician for North Star Steel Company, received a high voltage electrical shock when he touched a tension bus bar in a transformer vault on his employer's premises. The electrical shock caused permanent burns, heart damage and the eventual amputation of Lovgren's left arm.

Lovgren did not begin a personal injury action until more than 2 years and 7 months had elapsed. The statute of limitations then in effect for personal injury claims arising out of defective or unsafe improvements to real property was 2 years from discovery. Minn.Stat. Sec. 541.051 (1976). In Pacific Indemnity Co. v. Thompson-Yaeger, Inc., 260 N.W.2d 548 (Minn.1977), this court ruled section 541.051 unconstitutional. ¹ Pacific Indemnity was decided on September 16, 1977, 2 years and 7 days after Ellis's accident. The legislature re-enacted section 540.051 without its constitutional infirmities on April 7, 1980, and thereby re-established the 2-year statute of limitations. 1980 Minn.Laws 518, Secs. 2, 3, 4. The statute did not include an effective date and, therefore, pursuant to Minn.Stat. 645.02 (1984), became effective on August 1.

On April 24, 1978, Ellis and Phyllis Lovgren began a personal injury suit against Northern States Power Company. The Lovgrens amended their complaint on August 14, 1981, in order to bring in several other defendants, including respondent Peoples Electric Company upon which they served a summons and complaint. ² Peoples Electric had installed the transformer vault and, with the other defendants, was sued by Lovgren on negligence and strict liability grounds. On October 14, 1981, Peoples Electric filed an answer denying the allegations and affirmatively alleging, inter alia, that the suit was barred by laches and that the applicable statute of limitations had run. Peoples Electric also filed cross-claims. The other defendants, however, were subsequently dismissed by Lovgren, and Peoples Electric, as a third-party plaintiff, dismissed all claims.

Peoples Electric moved for summary judgment, which the Hennepin County District Court granted on September 24, 1984, and entered judgment pursuant to the order on November 7, 1984. The court ruled that Lovgren's claim against Peoples Electric was barred by the current section 541.051 and dismissed the case with prejudice and costs. Finding that the cause of action accrued during the "hiatus period" between Pacific Indemnity and the re-enactment of section 541.051 in 1980, the court held that the statute of limitations would be retroactively applied since that was the intent of the legislature as expressed in the delay period between the date of the statute's enactment and the effective date. ³ Lovgren appealed to the Minnesota Court of Appeals on December 19, 1984.

The court of appeals affirmed the district court dismissal on May 21, 1985. Lovgren v. Peoples Electric Co., 368 N.W.2d 16 (Minn.Ct.App.1985). Finding that the transformer vault was an improvement to real property within the meaning of section 541.051, the court upheld, on two grounds, the district court's determination that the statute of limitations had run. First, since more than 2 years had elapsed between the date of the accident and the date when section 541.051 was declared unconstitutional, the court found that the original section 541.051 barred Lovgren's suit. Second, the court ruled that if the claim were to have accrued during the "hiatus period," as the district court found, Lovgren would still be barred by the retroactive application of the current section 541.051. The court reached this conclusion on the grounds that section 541.051 did not concern substantive rights, and it was the intent of the legislature to have the statute retroactively applied as expressed by the statute's delayed effective date. ⁴

Lovgren's petition for further review was granted by this court on July 26, 1985.

The original issues raised on appeal were:

I. Does the transformer vault qualify as an "improvement to real property" under Minn.Stat. Sec. 541.051?

II. When did Lovgren's cause of action accrue?

III. Was the court of appeals correct in holding that Minn.Stat. Sec. 541.051 bars Lovgren's cause of action?

The main issue in this case is whether Minn.Stat. Sec. 541.051 (1984) bars Lovgren's suit. ⁵ At oral argument, the parties, through their counsel, greatly simplified the original issues. Counsel for Peoples Electric stated that its appeal would not be based on the theory that the 1976 version of section 541.051, although ruled unconstitutional in Pacific Indemnity, nonetheless, served to bar Lovgren's cause of action. ⁶ Therefore, we need only to discuss at length the retroactive application of the current section 541.051 to Lovgren's claim. In addition, counsel for Lovgren concedes that the cause of action accrued at the time of injury. Thus, whatever statute of limitations applies, it began to run as of September 9, 1975.

Therefore, the only issue left to be decided by this court is whether the current section 541.051 should be retroactively applied or whether Lovgren's cause of action is governed by the general 6-year statute of limitations for tort causes of action in Minn.Stat. Sec. 541.05, subd. 1(5) (1984). If the current statute were to be retroactively applied, Lovgren's claim would be barred as of September 9, 1977. However, we find that we have no grounds for inferring that the legislature intended the retroactive application of the current section 541.051 to claims existing when it was enacted in 1980. We hold that Lovgren's claim was governed by the general 6-year period. Since Lovgren brought suit against Peoples Electric within 6 years of accrual, we reverse the court of appeals and the district court and remand the case for trial.

Minn.Stat. Sec. 645.21 provides: "No law shall be construed to be retroactive unless clearly and manifestly so intended by the legislature." To apply the current section 541.051 2-year statute of limitations to claims existing in 1980 under a 6-year statute of limitations is clearly the retroactive application of the law. Furthermore, as this court has stated: "Generally, it is immaterial whether a law alters procedural or substantive rights; the legislature must still express its intention to make it retroactive." In re Estate of Murphy v. State Department of Public Welfare, 293 Minn. 298, 308, 198 N.W.2d 570, 576 (1972); see also Cooper v. Watson, 290 Minn. 362, 187 N.W.2d 689 (1971). ⁷ Thus, the issue is whether the legislature clearly and manifestly expressed its intention that section 541.051 be retroactively applied to claims such as Lovgren's which were existing in 1980 under the 6-year limitations period. It is respondent Peoples Electric's position that the requisite legislative intent was expressed by the 115-day delay period between the statute effective date and its enactment date.

The 115-day delay occurred because section 541.051 contained no effective date when enacted on April 7, 1980. Without an express effective date, the statute became law on August 1, the uniform enactment date for all legislation not containing an express date. ⁸

We hold that the 115-day delay period is not sufficient evidence of a clear and manifest legislative intent that section 541.051 be applied retroactively. In prior cases where the court has found sufficient evidence of the requisite legislative intent, there have been provisions in the statute clearly providing for retroactive application or, at least, a delayed enactment date has been explicitly included in the provisions of the statute. See, e.g., Viereck v. Peoples Savings and Loan Ass'n, 343 N.W.2d 30 (Minn.1984); Kozisek v. Brigham, 169 Minn. 57, 210 N.W. 622 (1926) (the court, under a due process analysis, allowed the retroactive application of a statute that expressly provided for a delayed effective date); State ex rel. Anderson v. General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corp., 134 Minn. 21, 158 N.W....