Lyons v. City of Aurora, 98CA0539.

• Decision Date: 01 April 1999
• Docket Number: No. 98CA0539.,98CA0539.
• Citation: 987 P.2d 900
• Parties: Rebecca LYONS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF AURORA, a Colorado Municipality, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: Colorado Court of Appeals

987 P.2d 900

Rebecca LYONS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF AURORA, a Colorado Municipality, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 98CA0539.

Colorado Court of Appeals, Div. A.

April 1, 1999.

Rehearing Denied May 13, 1999.¹

Certiorari Denied October 18, 1999.

Robert W. Turner, LLC, Robert W. Turner, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Office of the City Attorney, Charles H. Richardson, Julia A. Bannon, Peter Ruben Morales, Aurora, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellee.

Opinion by Chief Judge HUME.

In this personal injury action, plaintiff, Rebecca Lyons, appeals from the trial court's dismissal of her complaint against defendant, the City of Aurora. We affirm.

Plaintiff brought this action seeking compensation for injuries she sustained when she was struck by a car while crossing an intersection in the City of Aurora. Plaintiff alleged that the City's improper maintenance of traffic and pedestrian signals at the intersection created a dangerous condition which physically interfered with the movement of traffic on the roadway.

The City moved to dismiss plaintiff's complaint or, alternatively, for summary judgment on the basis that plaintiff's claims were barred by the Colorado Governmental Immunity Act (GIA), § 24-10-101, et seq., C.R.S. 1998. As pertinent here, the City argued that pursuant to § 24-10-106(1)(d)(I), C.R.S. 1998, a public entity's immunity was not waived for dangerous conditions caused by traffic signs, signals, or markings.

In response, plaintiff argued that the pedestrian signal was either malfunctioning or had been improperly maintained or set by the City. Plaintiff claimed that the traffic signals did not provide sufficient time for a pedestrian to cross six lanes of traffic before the opposing traffic received a green light.

The trial court granted the City's motion, concluding that the City's immunity was not waived under § 24-10-106(1)(d)(I) for a dangerous condition of a public highway, road, or street. The court also found that the City's immunity was not waived under § 24-10-106(1)(d)(II), C.R.S.1998, based on the failure to repair a traffic control signal on which conflicting directions were displayed.

On appeal, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in determining that the City's immunity was not waived under § 24-10-106(1)(d), C.R.S.1998. In particular, plaintiff argues that the failure of the traffic control signals to provide sufficient time for her to cross the intersection constituted a display of conflicting directions for purposes of § 24-10-106(1)(d)(II). We are not persuaded.

A motion to dismiss under the GIA involves the trial court's subject matter jurisdiction to hear an action and is properly resolved pursuant to C.R.C.P. 12(b)(1). See Walton v. State, 968 P.2d 636 (Colo.1998).

Under C.R.C.P. 12(b)(1), the trial court is the fact finder and may hold an evidentiary hearing to resolve any factual dispute upon which the existence of its subject matter jurisdiction under the GIA may turn. See Fogg v. Macaluso, 892 P.2d 271 (Colo.1995).

The trial court's resolution of any disputed facts with regard to its jurisdiction under the GIA is reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard. See Trinity Broadcasting of Denver, Inc. v. City of Westminster, 848 P.2d 916 (Colo.1993).

Section 24-10-106(1)(d)(I) provides that a public entity's immunity from suit is waived in an action for injuries resulting from a "dangerous condition of a public highway, road, or street which physically interferes with the movement of traffic on the paved portion" of such highway, road, or street. The phrase "physically interferes with the movement of traffic" is further defined in this subsection as not including "traffic signs, signals, or markings or the lack thereof...." However, additional language in § 24-10-106(1)(d)(II) operates to extend a waiver of immunity to those limited circumstances when the dangerous condition results from the public entity's failure "to repair a traffic control signal on which conflicting directions are displayed...."

The definition of "dangerous condition" provides that a "dangerous condition shall not exist solely because the design of any facility is inadequate." Section 24-10-103(1), C.R.S.1998. The supreme court has held that this language does not distinguish between designs that are inadequate initially and those which become inadequate over time. See Willer v. City of Thornton, 817 P.2d 514, 518 (Colo.1991) (rejecting construction of phrase that would bar only "inadequate," not "negligent" designs; the plaintiff had argued that a roadway may be deemed "inadequate" if it proves insufficient to support the volume of traffic using the roadway); see also Karr v. City & County of Denver, 677 P.2d 1384 (Colo.App.1984) (court held that increase in pedestrian-vehicle accidents at intersection did not constitute a dangerous condition, noting that the public entity was not required to modify or improve intersection based on changing use).

The definition of "dangerous condition" also provides that "maintenance does not include any duty to upgrade, modernize, modify, or improve the design or construction of a facility." As was noted in Swieckowski v. City of Fort Collins, 934 P.2d 1380 (Colo. 1997), the intent of this language is to preclude liability when a governmental entity fails to modify a facility because of changing safety standards or use.

Here, in support of its motion to dismiss, the City noted that plaintiff stated in her notice of claim that the "timing of the cross walk lights and stop signals at the intersection... were not set as to allow a pedestrian sufficient time to cross the intersection...." In addition, the City submitted an affidavit from its traffic engineer who averred that a review of citizen complaints, annual inspections, and his own inspection of the pedestrian signal approximately six months after the accident showed that the signal was operating with the same 30-second interval design that was set in 1993.

The City also submitted an affidavit from the police officer who had investigated the accident in which he stated that he had checked the pedestrian signals shortly after the accident and had determined that they were operating properly. In addition, the City included a portion of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices concerning the timing of pedestrian signals.

In opposition to...