Maestas v. District Court In and For City and County of Denver

• Decision Date: 27 October 1975
• Docket Number: No. 26916,26916
• Parties: William Joseph MAESTAS, Petitioner, v. The DISTRICT COURT IN AND FOR the CITY AND COUNTY OF DENVER, State of Colorado, and the Honorable Robert P. Fullerton, one of the Judges thereof, Respondents.
• Court: Colorado Supreme Court

Page 889

541 P.2d 889

189 Colo. 443

William Joseph MAESTAS, Petitioner, v. The DISTRICT COURT IN AND FOR the CITY AND COUNTY OF DENVER,

State of Colorado, and the Honorable Robert P.

Fullerton, one of the Judges thereof, Respondents.

No. 26916.

Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.

Oct. 27, 1975.

Rollie R. Rogers, Colorado State Public Defender, James F. Dumas, Jr., Chief Deputy State Public Defender, Alvin D. Lichtenstein, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, for petitioner.

Dale Tooley, Dist. Atty., O. Otto Moore, Asst. Dist. Atty., Brooke Wunnicke, Chief Appellate Deputy Dist. Atty. Denver, for respondents.

ERICKSON, Justice.

The petitioner seeks relief in this court in the nature of prohibition. We issued a rule to show cause and now make the rule absolute and direct that the petitioner be granted a preliminary hearing.

Maestas was charged in a three-count information with attempted robbery (sections 18--2--101 and 18--4--301, C.R.S.1973), and with two enhancement of punishment counts under the Habitual Criminal Statute (section 16--13--101, C.R.S.1973). He was represented by a public defendant who filed a timely motion for a preliminary hearing in the county court. At this hearing, the prosecution relied solely on the testimony of one witness, a detective, whose testimony consisted of a hearsay account of a telephone conversation with the alleged victim, coupled with hearsay information the detective had gleaned from the police file.

The defendant moved to strike the detective's testimony at the preliminary hearing on the ground that it was 100% Hearsay and effectively denied him the right to confront his accusers. He further objected to being bound over to the district court on the habitual criminal counts because no evidence was presented to sustain these counts in the information at the preliminary hearing. The county court judge denied the motion to strike and held that presentation of evidence on the habitual criminal counts was unnecessary because they do not constitute a crime.

The defendant was bound over to the district court where he moved to dismiss or, alternatively, to be granted a new preliminary hearing. Both motions were denied.

We must first decide whether the prosecution should have presented evidence on the habitual criminal counts in order for the charges to be bound over to the district court. Secondly, we must determine whether probable cause can be established at a preliminary hearing solely on the basis of second-hand information supplied by an extraneous witness. We hold that although the prosecution in this case was not required to present evidence under the Habitual Criminal Statute at the preliminary hearing, the prosecution's case on the attempted robbery count cannot be established solely on the basis of second-hand information when other direct evidence is available.

I. Habitual Criminal Evidence at the Preliminary Hearing

Unless the defendant is charged with a substantive offense, nothing in Crim.P. 5 or section 16--5--301, C.R.S.1973, entitled him to a preliminary hearing. The Habitual Criminal Statute (section 16--13--101, C.R.S.1973) does not define a substantive offense, but only prescribes 'circumstances wherein one found guilty of a specific crime may be more severely penalized because of his previous (criminal activities).' Casias v. People, 148 Colo. 544, 367 P.2d 327 (1961); Wright v. People, 116 Colo. 306, 181 P.2d 447 (1947). Inasmuch as the habitual criminal counts in this case do not constitute 'offenses,' we hold that probable cause need not be established in the preliminary hearing to bind these charges over to the district court.

II. Hearsay and the Preliminary Hearing

The purpose of a preliminary hearing is to determine whether probable cause exists to support the prosecution's charge that the accused committed a particular crime. People v. Kingsley, Colo., 530 P.2d 501 (1972); People ex rel. Russel v. District Court, Colo., 526 P.2d 289 (1974); People v. Quinn, 183 Colo. 245, 516 P.2d 420 (1973). The preliminary hearing serves as a screening device to test the sufficiency of the prosecution's case before an impartial judge and to weed out the fatally weak case. People ex rel. Farina v. District Court, 185 Colo. 118, 522 P.2d 589 (1974); Thies v. State, 178 Wis. 98, 189 N.W. 539 (1922). See also Washington v. Clemmer, 119 U.S.App.D.C. 226, F.2d 725 (1964); Comment, 15 Kan.L.Rev. 374 (1967).

'The holding of a preliminary hearing is of value to the prosecution in that it offers a method for testing the complaints of prosecuting witnesses, and eliminating prosecutions actuated by prejudice or motives inconsistent with a fair administration of the criminal law. A preliminary hearing accords the defendant an opportunity to correct any misconceptions which may have arisen with respect to his conduct. An innocent defendant may be spared the ignominy resulting from a trial. (Orfield, Criminal Procedure from Arrest to Appeal pps. 72--73 (1947)).' T. Borrillo, Colorado Practice, Criminal Practice and Procedure § 82.

The preliminary hearing, however, if not a mini trial, and the rules of evidence may be tempered in accordance with the sound discretion of the trial judge. Kuypers v. District Court, Colo., 534 P.2d 1204 (1975); See People v. Quinn, supra. The prosecution is thus granted greater evidentiary latitude in proving the existence of probable cause. To that end, this court has held that '(h)earsay evidence, and other evidence, which would be incompetent if offered at the time of trial, may well be the bulk of the evidence at the preliminary hearing.' People v. Quinn, supra.

The parameters of Quinn, however, should not be extended beyond their original design. As demonstrated by the preliminary hearing in this case, the prosecution presented the testimony of peripheral, if not extraneous, witnesses who recited in a narrative fashion what others had seen, heard, or done. Cf. United States v. Beltram, 388 F.2d 449 (2d Cir. 1968). Neither the key witness in this case nor the arresting officers were produced at the hearing. Instead, the sole testimony of a nonperceiving witness relating second-hand information was relied upon to establish probable cause. A minimum investment of time and talent characterized this hearing. The perfunctory fashion in which it was held belies the fact that the preliminary hearing is a critical stage in the administration of criminal justice. Coleman v. Alabama, 399 U.S. 1, 90 S.Ct. 1999, 26 L.Ed.2d 387 (1970); United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967); Schwader v. District Court, 172 Colo. 474, 474 P.2d 607 (1970); See also Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 95 S.Ct. 854, 43 L.Ed.2d 54 (1975). Cf. United States v. Arcuri, 282 F.Supp. 347 (E.D.N.Y.1968), Aff'd, United States v. Arcuri, 405 F.2d 691 (2d Cir. 1968).

The preliminary hearing is not a 'judicial rubber stamp for prosecutorial discretion.' See, K. Graham and L. Letwin, The Preliminary Hearings in Los Angeles: Some Field Findings and Legal-Policy Observations, 18 U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 636 (1971). The full potential and purpose of the preliminary hearing is only realized when it is utilized as a check on the power of the prosecution. That check assumes significance where, as in the instant case, the prosecution attempts to establish probable cause on the basis of second-hand hearsay testimony.

Where the prosecution exploits the use of hearsay on hearsay and establishes probable cause solely on...