Mason v. Stallings

• Decision Date: 09 May 1996
• Docket Number: No. 94-7019,94-7019
• Citation: 82 F.3d 1007
• Parties: , 5 A.D. Cases 792, 8 NDLR P 70 Gary MASON, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Ricky STALLINGS, C.L. St. Clair, Jr., Charles Burkhalter, Harold Woodall, Phillip Jordan, all individually, Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 1007

82 F.3d 1007

64 USLW 2763, 5 A.D. Cases 792, 8 NDLR P 70

Gary MASON, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Ricky STALLINGS, C.L. St. Clair, Jr., Charles Burkhalter Harold Woodall, Phillip Jordan, all individually Defendants-Appellants.

No. 94-7019.

United States Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit.

May 9, 1996.

Mary E. Pilcher, Webb & Eley, Montgomery, AL, for appellants.

David A. Kimberley, Floyd, Keener, Cusimano & Roberts, Gadsden, AL, for appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama.

Before ANDERSON and COX, Circuit Judges, and RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge.

RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge:

The sole issue on this appeal is qualified immunity. Although all defendants appealed an order denying summary judgment, this Court dismissed the appeal except the denial of qualified immunity to those defendants sued for personal liability as individuals. Mason v. Cherokee County, Alabama, No. 94-7019, (11th Cir. Filed July 21, 1995). We are in accord with the decision of that panel that the issue of qualified immunity was sufficiently raised in motion, pleading, and memorandum before the trial court, even though not specifically referenced in the motion for summary judgment itself.

Plaintiff Mason Stallings alleges a cause of action under the Americans with Disabilities Act. 42 U.S.C. §§ 12111, et seq. (Supp. IV 1992). Mason, a laborer with the Cherokee County Road Department, alleged that he was not properly accommodated under the Disabilities Act after two injuries on the job which resulted in permanent injury and disability.

Mason sued Cherokee County, Alabama, the Cherokee County Commission, and the County Commissioners in both their official and their individual capacities. The district court denied without opinion the County Commissioners' motion for summary judgment on the claim against them individually, which was argued to include a ground of qualified immunity from suit. Only the qualified immunity issue is before us.

We hold that the Disabilities Act does not provide for individual liability, only for employer liability. The Seventh Circuit appears to be the only Circuit thus far to rule directly that only the employer, not individual employees, can be liable under the Americans with Disabilities Act. EEOC v. AIC Sec. Inv., 55 F.3d 1276, 1279-82 (7th Cir.1995). We follow that holding and the reasoning of Judge Michael S. Kanne's thorough opinion for that court.

The definition of "employer" in the Disabilities Act is like the definitions in Title VII of the 1994 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b), and in the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 630(b). This Circuit has previously held that there is no individual responsibility under either of those Acts. Busby v. City of Orlando, 931 F.2d 764, 772 (11th Cir.1991) ("The relief granted under Title VII is against the employer, not individual employees whose actions would constitute a violation of the Act."). Smith v. Lomax, 45 F.3d 402, 403 n. 4 (11th Cir.1995) (Individuals "cannot be held liable under the ADEA or Title VII."). The Smith Court relied on Busby for Title VII, and Fourth and Ninth Circuit decisions for ADEA. Birkbeck v. Marvel Lighting Corp., 30 F.3d 507, 511 (4th Cir.) ("[T]he ADEA limits civil liability to the employer...."), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 666, 130 L.Ed.2d 600 (1994); Miller v. Maxwell's Int'l Inc., 991 F.2d 583 (9th Cir.1993) (Title VII and ADEA), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 1049, 127 L.Ed.2d 372 (1994).

The plaintiff argues for individual liability because the definition of employer includes "any agent of such person." We agree with the Seventh Circuit that the "agent" language was included to ensure respondeat superior liability of the employer for the acts of its agents, a theory of liability not available for 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims. See also Thompson v. City of Arlington, Tex., 838 F.Supp. 1137, 1151 (N.D.Tex.1993) ("Only when a public official is working in his official capacity can the official be an agent of the government.").

As to individual liability, there is no sound reason to read the Disabilities Act any differently from this Court's reading of Title VII and the Age Discrimination Act. The County Commissioners could not be held liable in their individual capacities for any violation of the Disabilities Act.

This creates a problem as to the appropriate disposition of this appeal. The lack of any law upon which to base a claim against a defendant calls for dismissal for failure to state a claim under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) or for summary judgment for defendant on that ground. Although denial of qualified immunity on summary judgment is immediately appealable, a denial of relief for failure to state a claim is not immediately appealable, whether in the form of a denial of summary judgment or a motion to dismiss absent certification by the trial court under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). The district court in this case denied a...