McClendon v. Ingersoll-Rand Co., INGERSOLL-RAND

• Decision Date: 21 July 1988
• Docket Number: No. C14-87-768-CV,INGERSOLL-RAND,C14-87-768-CV
• Citation: 757 S.W.2d 816
• Parties: 113 Lab.Cas. P 56,125, 3 IER Cases 1469 Perry McCLENDON, Appellant, v.CO., Appellee. (14th Dist.)
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

Page 816

757 S.W.2d 816

113 Lab.Cas. P 56,125, 3 IER Cases 1469

Perry McCLENDON, Appellant, v. INGERSOLL-RAND CO., Appellee.

No. C14-87-768-CV.

Court of Appeals of Texas,

Houston (14th Dist.).

July 21, 1988.

Rehearing Denied Aug. 18, 1988.

Michael Y. Saunders, John W. Tavormina, Houston, for appellant.

William T. Little, Mary W. Costley, Houston, for appellee.

Before JUNELL, SEARS and CANNON, JJ.

OPINION

JUNELL, Justice.

This is a wrongful discharge case. Appellant Perry McClendon sued his former employer, Ingersoll-Rand Co., after he was released from his position as a salesman. He alleged that his employment contract was not terminable at will. He also alleged that appellee had breached an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and that appellee intentionally inflicted emotional distress upon him. The trial court rendered summary judgment against appellant. We affirm.

Appellee had employed appellant for nine years and eight months at the time of the termination. Appellant stated in his petition that retirement benefits would have vested to his benefit if he had continued in appellee's employ for four more months. Furthermore, he alleged that he had laid the ground work for a large transaction with Trinity Equipment, but that the wrongful discharge deprived him of commissions from that sale. In support of his claims that the employment relationship was not terminable at will, he points to a series of writings which govern the calculation of such commissions.

At the time of the termination (Nov. 19, 1982) appellant and his employer determined commissions by reference to a "Compensation Arrangement." Each year the employer promulgated guidelines in such a document which fixed the sales quota, expense budget, and commission schedules for all sales personnel. The parties disagree over whether the compensation arrangement limited their ability to end the relationship at will. Although it does not address the issue directly, the 1982 version of the "arrangement" provides in part:

TERMINATIONS

When the employment by I-R of a commissioned Distributor Representative terminates for any reason before the equipment on which he has been recommended for commission has been invoiced, he is to be paid one-half ( 1/2) commission on the sales credit when the equipment is invoiced. In the determination of commission payable under this paragraph, only firm orders on which the commissioned Distributor Representative is recommended for commission and which are received up to the close of the last full working day of the Distributor Representative's actual employment shall be included, provided such orders are accepted by the Company. Any monthly commission on Rental Equipment ceases at the time of termination. Only equipment invoiced within ninety (90) days from termination date will qualify for commission.

From the effective date of termination there will be a thirty (30) day period in which the Distributor Representative will be required to furnish I-R with all commissionable sales due him. No commission request beyond this thirty (30) day period will be honored.

The Special Commission Schedule for attaining quotas does not apply if termination occurs prior to the end of the calendar year.

The document ends by noting that it is subject to change by appellee at any time, and that in any event it expires at the end of 1982. Appellant signed the document, as did a representative of appellee.

The first point of error asserts that the written compensation agreement barred application of the "at will" employment doctrine. The at will rule, as usually formulated, allows either party to an employment relationship to dissolve that relationship at any time and for any reason (or no reason at all). This customary statement of the rule constitutes a serious misrepresentation of the law, however, because employers must abide by a host of restrictions on their discretion.

Federal legislation prohibits the firing of an employee for reasons of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). Federal law likewise bars arbitrary discharge based on age. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. § 623. The Texas Commission on Human Rights Act echoes these restrictions and additionally outlaws discharge based on handicap. TEX.REV.CIV.STAT. art. 5221k § 5.01. Retaliatory discharge is illegal in a number of circumstances. See, e.g., Judiciary and Judicial Procedure Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1875 (jury service); National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 158 (union activity); Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. § 660 (reporting workplace hazards); TEX.REV.CIV.STAT. art. 8307c (filing a worker's compensation claim); see generally Comment, The At-Will Doctrine: A Proposal to Modify the Texas Employment Relationship, 36 Baylor L.Rev. 667, 669-70 (1984) (listing other statutory limits).

Texas common law similarly curtails an employer's ability to terminate an employee when the sole reason for termination is the employee's refusal to commit an illegal act. Sabine Pilot Service, Inc. v. Hauck, 687 S.W.2d 733 (Tex.1985).

However, appellant rests his argument not on statutory or common law bases, but on the compensation arrangement. Ingersoll-Rand convinced the trial court that the written document merely stated company policy in the area of sales commissions, and we agree. That the writing calls itself an agreement is in no way a hindrance to dissolution of the employment relation. Indeed, the document's termination paragraphs plainly contemplate that termination may occur at any time. Our conclusion is bolstered by the provision that the "agreement is subject to change, at any time, by the Company without prior written notice."

Appellant relies on Benoit v. Polysar Gulf Coast, Inc., 728 S.W.2d 403 (Tex.App.--Beaumont 1987, writ ref'd, n.r.e.) for the proposition that an employer's right to terminate an employee is limited when a writing so provides "in a meaningful and special way." Id. at 406 (emphases in original). Rather than engage in a semantic dispute over what the Beaumont Court meant, we regard the quoted phrase simply as a rhetorical flourish on the more pedestrian expression of the rule in the case it cited, Webber v. M.W. Kellogg Co., 720 S.W.2d 124, 127 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Webber states that employment is at will absent a writing which "specifically" says otherwise. The writing at hand merely regulates sales commissions. Point of error one is overruled.

Point of error two claims that the compensation agreement is ambiguous. Although appellant maintains in his reply brief that he raised this argument below, his response to the motion for summary judgment contains no mention of ambiguity. The only conceivable reference to ambiguity appears in the response at paragraph VI, entitled "Burden of Proof." That paragraph reminds the court that Ingersoll-Rand assumes the burden of proof on all elements of its cause of action, including a showing that the "provision in question is capable of only one meaning or interpretation." The next and final sentence states that "Defendants have not met this burden, and Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment must be denied."

This passing comment does not meet the requirement that a response expressly present the issue to the trial court. TEX.R.CIV.P. 166a(c); City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671 (Tex.1979). On the contrary, this is no more than a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the movant's proof, a challenge which is available on appeal in any event, regardless of whether a response has been filed. Appellant's third point of error raises just such a challenge. We overrule the second point of error.

The third point of error asserts that fact issues exist concerning interpretation of the compensation agreement. We glean no such fact issues from either of the depositions on file; neither does the instrument itself admit of any interpretation even remotely supportive of appellant's position. The third point of error is overruled.

In his fourth point of error, appellant contends that he substantially performed in regard to the Trinity Equipment deal. This contention does not appear in his...