Meier v. Phillips

• Decision Date: 09 June 1964
• Docket Number: No. 51320,51320
• Citation: 129 N.W.2d 92,256 Iowa 757
• Parties: Frieda MEIER, Appellant, v. Blair A. PHILLIPS, L. H. Kornder, and Charles Blair, as Trustees of the Estate of W. C. Putnam, and G. R. Kinney Co., lowa, Inc., an lowa Corporation, Appellees.
• Court: Iowa Supreme Court

Page 92

129 N.W.2d 92

256 Iowa 757

Frieda MEIER, Appellant, v. Blair A. PHILLIPS, L. H. Kornder, and Charles Blair, as Trustees of the Estate of W. C. Putnam, and G. R. Kinney Co., lowa, Inc., an lowa Corporation, Appellees.

No. 51320.

Supreme Court of Iowa.

June 9, 1964.

Newport, Wine & Schebler, Davenport, for appellant.

Elliott R. McDonald of McDonald, McDonald & Carlin, Davenport, for appellees.

THORNTON, Justice.

Plaintiff's action is to recover for personal injuries suffered in a fall on defendants' sidewalk. The sidewalk is on defendants' property, it is between the building line of defendants' building and the city sidewalk along the north side of West Second Street between Brady and Main Streets in Davenport. The fall occurred in front of the Kinney Shoe Store, one of defendants' tenants. The entire sidewalk is equipped with heating units to clear snow and ice from the walk, installed and operated by defendants.

After a jury verdict of $2,500 for plaintiff, the trial court sustained defendants' motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, because of the insufficiency of the evidence to show defendants' negligence in failing to exercise reasonable care to maintain the premises, or defendants knew or should have known of the dangerous condition. Plaintiff appeals.

In the pleadings defendants admit the ownership of the sidewalk, plaintiff was an invitee and their responsibility for the operation of the heating units.

In argument here plaintiff concedes there is no evidence in the record to show that the defendants either created or actually knew of the existence of a dangerous condition on their property prior to the time of the accident. She bases her case on circumstantial evidence the dangerous condition existed for such a length of time that defendants in the exercise of reasonable care should have known of it and removed the condition or warned of the danger.

The parties agree on the applicable law, that defendants as the occupiers of land are liable to plaintiff for injuries occasioned by unsafe conditions if defendants know, or by the exercise of reasonable care should discover the condition which if known to defendants, they should realize as involving an unreasonable risk to plaintiff and have no reason to believe that plaintiff will discover or realize the risk involved. Restatement, Torts, Vol. 2, § 343; Bartels v. Cair-Dem, Incorporated, Iowa, 124 N.W.2d 514, 519, and citations; Atherton v. Hoenig's Grocery, 249 Iowa 50, 54, 86 N.W.2d 252; Corkery v. Greenberg, 253 Iowa 846, 849, 114 N.W.2d 327; and Schafer v. Hotel Martin Company, 249 Iowa 866, 869, 89 N.W.2d 373.

It is not contended the ice or snow or both on a sidewalk to which the public was invited was not dangerous. See Christianson v. Kramer, Iowa, 122 N.W.2d 283, 288. The parties address their arguments to the question of defendants' notice or knowledge of the condition based on circumstantial evidence. Defendants do not seek to save the judgment on other grounds in their motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.

In considering the question presented, plaintiff has the burden of proof, she is entitled to the most favorable construction of her evidence as it will reasonably bear, questions of negligence are generally for the jury, where facts are not in dispute, if reasonable minds might draw different inferences from them, a jury question is engendered, and an issue may be proven by circumstantial evidence, but this evidence must be such as to make the theory of causation reasonably probable, not merely possible, and more probable than any other theory based on such evidence. Generally, however, it is for the jury to say whether circumstantial evidence meets this test. The foregoing, for which citation of authority is not necessary, rule 344(f), 2, 8, 10, 16 and 17, Rules of Civil Procedure, 58 I.C.A., are here applicable, Bartels v. Cair-Dem, Incorporated, Iowa, 124 N.W.2d 514, 516. When two or more theories are reasonably probable the question of which is more probable is for the jury to decide. Delay v. Kudart, Iowa, 128 N.W.2d 201. It is not necessary to negative every other possibility. Cable v. Fullerton Lumber Company, 242 Iowa 1076, 1082, 49 N.W.2d 530.

Plaintiff's case is based on her testimony, that of a city policeman and an assistant manager of the Kinney Shoe Store.

Plaintiff testified she is a lady 77 years old, regularly employed at the time of the fall. On January 9, 1962, at about 4:00 p. m. she was walking east alongside of defendants' building on West Second Street when she fell. She testified she was walking in her ordinary way, that when she got as far as Kinneys, '* * * down I went. My feet went just like that. * * * I * * * couldn't get up because the sidewalk was slippery * * * there was no warning * * * of the slippery condition of the sidewalk * * *.' Plaintiff had not been along the sidewalk earlier that day and did not have any reason to know it was slippery. On cross-examination plaintiff testified:

'Q. * * * Was there snow on it? A. There must have been, otherwise, I wouldn't have slipped.

'Q. Did you see snow or ice or water or something on the sidewalk? A. Well, it was damp. * * *

'Q. It was below zero at the time you fell? A. Yes.

'Q. You think the sidewalk was damp? A. Well, it wasn't dry.'

Plaintiff further testified, 'I did not see any snow on the sidewalk and I did not see any ice on the sidewalk but I slipped, that's all I know, my feet went out from under me. * * * There must have been something on it. That's all I know. You don't fall from nothing. It must have been ice or snow. I don't know.'

The policeman testified, 'We found the sidewalk in a very slippery condition, and it had a thin layer of snow or slush or something like that. It just had a thin layer on it. The rest of the sidewalk in the block was free and clear of ice and snow. * * * I believe it was snow and slush that made the sidewalk slippery * * *. I don't believe there was any ice at all. * * * It was uneven from the ridges and the slush. * * * Every place that nobody walked in it, it had a smooth surface. * * * I couldn't say how deep this snow and slush was. I would say it was between a half inch and an inch. By slush I mean wet snow. It doesn't strike me as being rather peculiar to have wet snow in zero weather when the sidewalk heaters were not on. The temperature was around zero. The slush is the type that when you stepped in it you went to the bottom--sunk into it. The entire sidewalk in front of Kinney Shoe Store was covered with this one-half inch to one inch of snow and slush, and at no other place on the block was there any such similar condition. I would say the sidewalk every place else in the block was clear from all snow, ice and slush and everything.'

The assistant manager testified, it was a real cold day, that he observed the ice patches about 20 minutes after plaintiff's fall, there was one ice patch in front of the store about six feet out from the store and another out by the curb and he put salt on them. '* * * we expected the snow and ice to be removed...