Mintz v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co.
| Decision Date | 22 August 1952 |
| Docket Number | No. 600,600 |
| Citation | 236 N.C. 109,72 S.E.2d 38 |
| Parties | MINTZ, v. ATLANTIC COAST LINE R. CO. |
| Court | North Carolina Supreme Court |
Poisson, Campbell & Marshall, Wilmington, for defendant-appellant.
J. Faison Thomson, Goldsboro, John D. Bellamy & Sons, Wilmington, Frink & Herring, S. B. Frink, Southport, for plaintiff-appellee.
The defendant makes these assertions by its assignments of error:
1. That the court erred in refusing to dismiss the action upon a compulsory nonsuit. G.S. § 1-183.
2. That the court erred in the admission of testimony offered by plaintiff.
3. That the court erred in the exclusion of testimony offered by defendant.
4. That the court erred in its instructions to the jury.
Counsel for the defendant argue with much earnestness and eloquence that the action ought to have been involuntarily nonsuited in the court below. Inasmuch as the evidence now before us is substantially the same as that presented and considered on the former appeal, we are constrained to hold that this question is foreclosed against the defendant by the decision on the former appeal adjudging the evidence sufficient to carry the case to the jury and to support a verdict for the plaintiff. Maddox v. Brown, 233 N.C. 519, 64 S.E.2d 864; Randle v. Grady, 228 N.C. 159, 45 S.E.2d 35; Pinnix v. Griffin, 221 N.C. 348, 20 S.E.2d 366, 141 A.L.R. 1164; Wall v. City of Asheville, 220 N.C. 38, 16 S.E.2d 397; Simpson v. American Oil Co., 219 N.C. 595, 14 S.E.2d 638; McGraw v. Southern R. Co., 209 N.C. 432, 184 S.E. 31; Dixson v. C. E. Johnson Realty Co., 209 N.C. 354, 183 S.E. 382; Groome v. City of Statesville, 208 N.C. 815, 182 S.E. 657; Masten v. Texas Co., 204 N.C. 569, 169 S.E. 158; Madrin v. Norfolk Southern R. Co., 203 N.C. 245, 165 S.E. 711; Newbern v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 196 N.C. 14, 144 S.E. 375; McCall v. Textile Industrial Institute, 189 N.C. 775, 128 S.E. 349; Soles v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., 188 N.C. 825, 125 S.E. 24; Clark v. Sweaney, 176 N.C. 529, 97 S.E. 474.
The assignments of error based on the admission of the testimony of the plaintiff's witnesses are discussed in the numbered paragraphs set forth below.
1. Upon being called on to describe 'the general shape' of the stairway involved in this action, the plaintiff's witness B. B. Phillips, Jr., stated that it was 'a spiral stairway, going up as a corkscrew would. ' The witness was an ordinary observer testifying to the results of his observation, and his evidence was admissible as a shorthand statement of a composite fact. State v. Sterling, 200 N.C. 18, 156 S.E. 96; Kepley v. Kirk, 191 N.C. 690, 132 S.E. 788; State v. Skeen, 182 N.C. 844, 109 S.E. 71; State v. Spencer, 176 N.C. 709, 97 S.E. 155; Bane v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., 171 N.C. 328, 88 S.E. 477; State Board of Education v. Roanoke R. & Lumber Co., 158 N.C. 313, 73 S.E. 994. The appropriateness of his homely simile becomes apparent on a reading of the testimony of other witnesses who described the spiral stairway with technical precision.
2. The plaintiff's witness D. W. Merritt, who was employed by the defendant at its office building from September 16, 1925, until May 31, 1945, testified that during the entire period of his employment by defendant the steps of the spiral stairway 'were slick and worn,' some of the rods or spokes connecting the banister of the stairway with its steps were missing, and the stairway as a whole would shake when used. This evidence was received over the exception of the defendant, which stressfully insists that the interim between the date of the last observation of the witness, i. e., May 31, 1945, and the date of the plaintiff's alleged injury, i. e., April 10, 1947, prevents the evidence from having any logical tendency to show the condition of the stairway at the time of plaintiff's alleged injury or notice of such condition to the defendant. This contention is robbed of validity by the significant fact that other witnesses for the plaintiff, notably James E. Hearn, Jr., and E. A. Shands, testified in substance that the conditions depicted by Merritt remained unchanged down to the moment of the plaintiff's alleged injury. This being true, the testimony of Merritt was competent under the rule that evidence of conditions before an accident may be received where it is also shown that such conditions remained unchanged down to the occurrence of the accident. Perry v. Branning Manufacturing Co., 176 N.C. 68, 97 S.E. 162; Millman v. United States Mortgage & Title Guaranty Co. of New Jersey, 121 N.J.L. 28, 1 A.2d 265; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Frakes, 11 Tenn.App. 593; 20 Am.Jur., Evidence, section 306; 38 Am.Jur., Negligence, section 313; 65 C.J.S., Negligence, § 230.
3. While he was undergoing crossexamination the plaintiff's witness S. T. Glover made this unresponsive answer to a question put to him by defendant's counsel: 'The steps have been chipped at one time since the accident. ' The defendant forthwith moved to strike this answer, and the court promptly sustained the motion by giving this contemporary instruction to the jury: ' We are satisfied that any danger that the unresponsive answer would work to the prejudice of the defendant was removed by the clear and emphatic language of the judge striking out the answer and withdrawing it from the jury. Medlin v. Simpson, 144 N.C. 397, 57 S.E. 24; Parrott v. Atlantic & N. C. R. Co., 140 N.C. 546, 53 S.E. 432.
4. Witnesses for the defendant identified certain photographs made two and a half years after the accident as true representations of the steps of the spiral stairway at the time of the accident. The defendant introduced the photographs in evidence to illustrate the testimony of these witnesses. When she presented her rebuttal evidence, the plaintiff called to the stand A. G. Alderman and James E. Hearn, Jr., who testified in detail to facts indicating that about a week after the accident changes or repairs were made to the steps of the spiral stairway by the defendant, and that in consequence the photographs were not true pictures of the steps of the spiral stairway at the time of the accident. The defendant complains of the admission of the testimony of these witnesses concerning the changes or repairs. This evidence was not competent to show negligence on the part of the defendant on the occasion of the plaintiff's alleged injury. Fanelty v. Rogers Jewelers, 230 N.C. 694, 55 S.E.2d 493; Parrish v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., 221 N.C. 292, 20 S.E.2d 299; Ledford v. Valley River Lumber Co., 183 N.C. 614, 112 S.E. 421; Farrall v. Universal Garage Co., 179 N.C. 389, 102 S.E. 617; McMillan v. Atlanta & C. Air Line R. Co., 172 N.C. 853, 90 S.E. 683; Blevins v. Erwin Cotton Mills Co., 150 N.C. 493, 64 S.E. 428; Aiken v. Rhodhiss Manufacturing Co., 146 N.C. 324, 59 S.E. 696; Myers v. Concord Lumber Co., 129 N.C. 252, 39 S.E. 960; Lowe v. Elliott, 109 N.C. 581, 14 S.E. 51. The record reveals, however, that the testimony was not presented or received for that purpose. The evidence that changes or repairs were made to the steps of the spiral stairway subsequent to the accident was offered by the plaintiff and admitted by the court for the express purpose of disproving the correctness of the photographs taken after the making of the changes or repairs, and contradicting the witnesses who identified the photographs as true representations of the steps of the spiral stairway at the time of the accident. We hold that the evidence was rightly received for this limited purpose. This conclusion finds explicit sanction in well considered cases in other jurisdictions where the precise question now before us was under consideration. Northern Pac. R. Co. v. Alderson, 9 Cir., 199 F. 735, 118 C.C.A. 173; Sample v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co., 233 Ill. 564, 84 N.E. 643; Achey v. Marion, 126 Iowa 47, 101 N.W. 435; Standard Oil Co. v. Franks, 167 Miss. 282, 149 So. 798. It likewise has implicit support in our own decisions. Shelton v. Southern R. Co., 193 N.C. 670, 139 S.E. 232; Beck v. Sylva Tanning Co., 179 N.C. 123, 101 S.E. 498; Muse v. Ford Motor Co., 175 N.C. 466, 95 S.E. 900; Boggs v. Cullowhee Mining Co., 162 N.C. 393, 78 S.E. 274; Pearson v. Harris Clay Co., 162 N.C. 224, 78 S.E. 73; Tise v. Town of Thomasville, 151 N.C. 281, 65 S.E. 1007.
5. The defendant complains of the receipt of the evidence of the plaintiff's witnesses Dr. Julian E. Jacobs and Dr. J. B. Cranmer, expert physicians and surgeons, who based their testimony upon their own personal knowledge of the physical condition of the plaintiff obtained by them by examining or treating the plaintiff subsequent to the date of the accident. These medical experts described in minute detail the nature and extent of the plaintiff's injuries. Moreover, each of them expressed the opinion that the plaintiff's injuries were permanent in character and disabled her from doing any kind of work, and that the plaintiff's physical condition would not be improved by additional surgery. This evidence was competent under the rule that in personal injury actions, expert medical evidence is admissible to show the nature and extent of the plaintiff's injuries, the effect of such injuries on the plaintiff's capacity to work or to use his physical powers, and the probable result of future medical or surgical treatment of the plaintiff. Dickson v. Queen City Coach Co., 233 N.C. 167, 63 S.E.2d 297; Patrick v. Treadwell, 222 N.C. 1, 21 S.E.2d 818; Williams v. Charles Stores Co., Inc., 209 N.C. 591, 184 S.E. 496; Green v. Inter-Ocean...
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