Mobley ex rel. Ross v. Meek
| Decision Date | 06 April 1976 |
| Docket Number | No. 75--1611,75--1611 |
| Citation | 531 F.2d 924 |
| Parties | Jeff MOBLEY ex rel. Andrew Jackson ROSS, Appellant, v. Donald L. MEEK, Sheriff of Johnson County, Arkansas, Appellee. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit |
Mobley & Smith, Russellville, Ark., and Murphy, Carlisle & Taylor, Fayetteville, Ark., for appellant.
Jim Guy Tucker, Atty. Gen., and Robert A. Newcomb, Asst. Atty. Gen., Little Rock, Ark., for appellee.
Before LAY, HEANEY and STEPHENSON, Circuit Judges.
This appeal from a denial of habeas corpus relief by the district court 1 presents the question of whether a statement and confession made by appellant in connection with a plea bargain in a state criminal action was improperly admitted in appellant's trial in violation of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. We hold that the statement was involuntary under applicable federal standards and therefore reverse. The facts are largely undisputed.
Appellant was convicted by a jury of embezzling public funds and sentenced to custody for 21 years. His conviction was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Arkansas. 514 S.W.2d 409 (Ark.1974).
During the state's case in chief the state offered in evidence a detailed confession made by appellant after a plea bargain had been agreed upon by the state prosecuting attorney and appellant's then retained counsel, Robert Williams, after several conferences. The essence of the plea bargain was that upon a plea of guilty the state would recommend a 15-year sentence with 10 years suspended.
The state record discloses that at the time appellant appeared in court for the purpose of changing his plea from not guilty to guilty, his secretary interrupted the proceedings by volunteering that in her opinion appellant was too ill to be aware of the consequences of his action. She also produced a letter from a doctor concerning appellant's condition. After further inquiry the court decided not to proceed and made arrangements for a later hearing with respect to appellant's mental competency.
Subsequently appellant was found competent to stand trial. He proceeded to trial with other retained counsel and raised the defense of insanity at the time of the commission of the alleged offenses of embezzlement. During the prosecution's case in chief the disputed confession was offered in evidence. After conducting a Jackson v. Denno hearing, the state trial court found the statement made by appellant was voluntary and admitted the same. After the Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed, certiorari was sought and denied by the United States Supreme Court. The petition for habeas corpus was then filed in district court, and the court conducted a hearing which included the taking of the testimony of appellant's former counsel, Robert Williams. The district court found that appellant was given the appropriate Miranda warnings and found that appellant 'has proved no violation of any rights he has under the constitution and laws * * * of the United States.' 394 F.Supp. at 1223.
The appellant's principal contention is that he was induced to make the statement (confession) as a result of a plea bargain made by his then counsel of record. He urges that the fact that at a subsequent hearing he failed to withdraw his plea of not guilty and exercised his right to stand trial 'completely obliterates the voluntariness of the confession and thereby makes it inadmissible at the subsequent trial.' Appellee, on the other hand, contends that appellant's own words which appeared in the confession given under oath acknowledge that he had not been promised anything by anyone for making the statement and that the same was a free and voluntary statement. The appearance of these words in the confession is not disputed. But that is not the end of the problem.
It is undisputed that a plea bargain had been made by counsel and that appellant, after being fully apprised of the terms thereof, agreed to enter a plea of guilty. Thereafter the prosecution requested through appellant's attorney that appellant give a statement as to what actually occurred and how he took the money and used it. 2 The confession was given by appellant in the presence of his counsel and other witnesses.
Appellant's counsel, Williams, testified at both the state Jackson v. Denno hearing and in the federal district court hearing that he would not have advised appellant to make a statement or give a confession if there had not been a plea bargain agreement. It was the view of the Arkansas court and the district court that counsel's hindsight did not affect the voluntariness of the confession. See 514 S.W.2d at 411; 394 F.Supp. at 1222. We are not so persuaded.
Conceding arguendo that the confession was not an express precondition of the plea bargain, it nevertheless was made in connection with an offer to plead guilty and after a bargain had been agreed upon. It is obvious that no such confession would have been made at the request of the prosecution but for the plea bargain. It became a part and parcel thereof.
In a recent case we recognized the importance of confidentiality in plea bargaining.
Plea bargaining has been recognized as an essential component of the administration of justice. 'Properly administered, it is to be encouraged.' Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 92 S.Ct. 495, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971). If such a policy is to be fostered, it is essential that plea negotiations remain confidential to the parties if they are unsuccessful. Meaningful dialogue between the parties would, as a practical matter, be impossible if either party had to assume the risk that plea offers would be admissible in evidence.
United States v. Verdoorn, 528 F.2d 103 at 107 (8th Cir. 1975).
Further, plea bargaining and the inadmissibility of offers of pleas and related statements have been sanctioned by recent amendments to the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(e)(6) (effective August 1, 1975) provides:
Inadmissibility of Pleas, Offers of Pleas, and Related Statements. Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, evidence of a plea of guilty, later withdrawn, or a plea of nolo contendere, or of an offer to plead guilty or nolo contendere to the crime charged or any other crime, or of statements made in connection with, and relevant to, any of the foregoing pleas or offers, is not admissible in any civil or criminal proceeding against the person who made the plea or offer. However, evidence of a statement made in connection with, and relevant to, a plea of...
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