Moorman v. Thalacker

• Citation: 83 F.3d 970
• Decision Date: 14 May 1996
• Docket Number: 95-2297,Nos. 95-2245,s. 95-2245
• Parties: Lee MOORMAN, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John A. THALACKER, sued as John Thalacker; Larry Brimeyer; Thomas Luensman, sued as C/O Luensman; Jerome Manternach, sued as Jerry Manternach, Defendant-Appellants, Charles Lee, Defendant, Harold Wood, Defendant-Appellant, Lee MOORMAN, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John A. THALACKER, sued as John Thalacker; Larry Brimeyer; Thomas Luensman, sued as C/O Luensman; Jerome Manternach, sued as Jerry Manternach; Charles Lee; Harold Wood, Defendant-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 970

83 F.3d 970

Lee MOORMAN, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John A. THALACKER, sued as John Thalacker; Larry Brimeyer;

Thomas Luensman, sued as C/O Luensman; Jerome

Manternach, sued as Jerry Manternach,

Defendant-Appellants, Charles Lee, Defendant, Harold Wood, Defendant-Appellant, Lee MOORMAN, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John A. THALACKER, sued as John Thalacker; Larry Brimeyer;

Thomas Luensman, sued as C/O Luensman; Jerome

Manternach, sued as Jerry Manternach;

Charles Lee; Harold Wood,

Defendant-Appellees.

Nos. 95-2245, 95-2297.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Feb. 12, 1996.

Decided May 14, 1996.

Douglas S. Knott, Assistant Attorney General, Des Moines, Iowa, argued (R. Andrew Humphrey, on the brief), for appellant.

Philip Mears, Iowa City, Iowa, argued, for appellee.

Before BOWMAN, BEAM, and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.

BEAM, Circuit Judge.

Lee Moorman was disciplined after he was found to have violated prison regulations. The discipline included the loss of sixteen days of good time. He filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claiming that prison officials violated his rights to due process. The district court ¹ denied the officials qualified immunity and ruled in favor of Moorman. Moorman appeals the determination of damages and the prison officials appeal both the district court's denial of qualified immunity and its determination of liability on the merits. We reverse.

I. BACKGROUND

In 1984, Moorman was sentenced to twenty-five years in prison for an armed robbery which he committed using his father's .357 magnum handgun. In September 1989, a prison guard overheard an interchange between Moorman and a fellow inmate about obtaining handguns. Moorman, who was anticipating release in the near future, stated that he intended to obtain his father's gun again immediately upon his release from prison. Moorman also stated that if he could not persuade his father to give him the .357 magnum (which both inmates agreed was the most desirable model), he would go out and purchase one.

The guard filed a disciplinary report and Moorman was disciplined under prison rules 41 and 11. Rule 11 forbids inmates from engaging in conduct which is a felony under state or federal law. Rule 41, among other things, forbids inmates from "attempt[ing] to commit any of the [offenses covered in Rule 11] or [being] in complicity with others who are committing or attempting to commit any of the [offenses covered by Rule 11]." Information Guide, Iowa State Men's Reformatory, pp. 10, 14 (June 1989). Thus, Moorman was disciplined for an "attempt" to possess a firearm as a convicted felon. His discipline consisted of the loss of 16 days good time, 15 days of the highest level of disciplinary detention, and 107 days in progressively less restricted disciplinary detention. ² Moorman was paroled on October 26, 1990, after serving six years of his sentence.

Moorman's state court postconviction action challenging the disciplinary action was declared moot because he was paroled before it came to trial. ³ He filed this section 1983 action in July 1991. The district court determined there was no evidence that Moorman had violated Rules 41 and 11. It therefore ruled that the prison officials had violated Moorman's due process rights when they disciplined him. The court found that Moorman was injured by the disciplinary detention and by the loss of wages incurred due to his transfer to a higher security institution. It awarded $3,602.55 in damages for those injuries.

Moorman, who was paroled within a year of the incident, also claimed that but for the discipline he would have been paroled sooner. He requested damages for the delay. The district court found that there was no credible evidence that Moorman's parole was delayed by the discipline, and that, in any case, the exchange for which Moorman was disciplined would have been proper grounds for such a delay. Therefore, the court found that Moorman had suffered no injury and refused to award any damages for the alleged delay. The district court did not consider or award any damages for the loss of good time.

Moorman appeals the court's damages award, claiming that he should have been compensated not just for the disciplinary segregation but also for the transfer from a minimum to a medium security institution and for the alleged delay in parole. The prison officials appeal the district court's ruling on the merits and its denial of their claim of qualified immunity.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Claims of the Prison Officials

The question of qualified immunity is an issue of law which we review de novo. White v. Holmes, 21 F.3d 277, 279 (8th Cir.1994). To consider a prisoner's claim against a prison official, we must first determine whether he or she has alleged the violation of a federal statutory or constitutional right, and if so, whether that right is clearly established. Id.; Get Away Club, Inc. v. Coleman, 969 F.2d 664, 666 (8th Cir.1992). If the conduct complained of violates no constitutional right, the complaint must be dismissed. Get Away, 969 F.2d at 666. In this case, a recent Supreme Court decision and the state of the record make it uncertain whether Moorman has alleged the violation of any constitutional right. See Sandin v. Conner, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418 (1995) (disciplinary segregated confinement of inmate falls within the expected parameters of prison sentence, and does not present the type of atypical, significant deprivation in which a state might conceivably create a liberty interest).

In Sandin, the Court explained that whether an inmate has a liberty interest protected by due process depends on the nature of the interest at stake and not just on the mandatory or precatory nature of the institutional procedures governing that interest. Id. at ---- - ----, 115 S.Ct. at 2299-2300. The Court so held to extricate the federal courts from inappropriate micromanagement of the common incidents of prison life which its former approach had encouraged. See id. (citing cases claiming or finding constitutionally protected interests in dictionaries, tray lunches, unrestricted furlough travel, big cells with television outlets, food loafs & boot camp participation). The former emphasis on the mere nature of the rules without critical consideration of the underlying interest encouraged prisoners to make federal cases out of trivial disagreements and discouraged prisons from codifying their administrative procedures, thus perversely encouraging arbitrary action by rudderless employees. Id. at ----, 115 S.Ct. at 2299.

Sandin concluded that the inmate had no liberty interest in avoiding the disciplinary confinement in issue in that case because that confinement did not present an atypical and significant deprivation in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life. Id. at ----, 115 S.Ct. at 2301. Therefore, the Due Process Clause was not implicated despite the mandatory nature of the rules relating to the imposition of disciplinary confinement. The Court stated that there are some deprivations, and not necessarily those so severe as to independently trigger due process protection, against which states could conceivably create a liberty interest. Id. at ----, 115 S.Ct. at 2300. Those are deprivations which work such major disruptions in a prisoner's environment and life that they present dramatic departures from the basic conditions and ordinary incidents of prison sentences. Id. at ---- - ----, 115 S.Ct. at 2300-01. While Conner's segregated and solitary confinement was not such a deprivation, the Court noted that prisoners nonetheless retain protection from arbitrary state action even within the expected conditions of confinement through the First and Eighth Amendments, the Equal Protection Clause internal prison grievance procedures, and state judicial review. Id. at ---- n. 11, 115 S.Ct. at 2302 n. 11.

While we are unsure whether Moorman's confinement was a dramatic departure from the ordinary incidents of prison life, we think not. Admittedly, his environment was disrupted by the transfer, but there is no liberty interest in assignment to any particular prison. See Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 224, 96 S.Ct. 2532, 2538, 49 L.Ed.2d 451 (1976). Thus, constitutionally speaking, such assignments are discretionary, so long as they are not done for prohibited or invidious reasons and do not rise to independent constitutional violations on their own weight. See Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 493, 100 S.Ct. 1254, 1262, 63 L.Ed.2d 552 (1980); Sisneros v. Nix, 884 F.Supp. 1313, 1346 (S.D.Iowa 1995). The disciplinary detention at issue here is within that same category. Moorman does not allege any invidious or prohibited reason for his detention, and the detention appears no more severe than that in Sandin. It does not appear to have been a disruption exceeding the ordinary incidents of prison life.

Therefore, the only deprivation of which Moorman may complain is that of his good time credits. However, as Wolff v. McDonnell makes clear, good time credits alone are not liberty interests. 418 U.S. 539, 557, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 2975, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974). To be so considered, the state must have created a mandatory scheme which necessarily affects the duration of a prisoner's sentence. See id.; Sandin, --- U.S. at ----, 115 S.Ct. at 2297. Because the loss of good time credits did not enter into the district court's decision, it made no determination as to whether such credits were mandatory in nature or whether their loss injured Moorman. While neither party has directed us to any authority on whether Iowa's good time provisions are mandatory in nature, we note that the Iowa statutes dealing with good time credits simply direct that "[a]n inmate shall not be discharged from ... custody ... until the inmate has served the full term ... less good conduct time earned." Iowa Code Ann. § 903A.5 (West 1994 & Supp.1996). Further, the Iowa statutes merely...