Nance v. Fike, 526

• Decision Date: 26 June 1956
• Docket Number: No. 526,526
• Citation: 93 S.E.2d 443,244 N.C. 368
• Court: North Carolina Supreme Court
• Parties: Henry L. NANCE v. Horace FIKE and Howard Nance.

Page 443

93 S.E.2d 443

244 N.C. 368

Henry L. NANCE v. Horace FIKE and Howard Nance.

No. 526

Supreme Court of North Carolina.

June 26, 1956

Little, Brock & McLendon, Wadesboro, and Bynum & Bynum, Rockingham, for plaintiff, appellant.

R. L. Brown, Jr., Albemarle, and David H. Armstrong, Troy, for defendants, appellees.

BOBBITT, Justice.

Mr. E. L. Wallace, a director of the Bank of Montgomery, offered as defendants' witness, was permitted, over plaintiff's objection, to testify as set out below.

On direct examination, he testified that the general reputation of each defendant, for peacefulness and quietness, was good; and that the general reputation of plaintiff for high-temperedness, turbulence and violence, was bad.

On redirect examination, he testified, in part, as follows:

'Q. Have you ever heard the Bank Directors discuss Mr. Henry Nance's reputation for turbulence, disorder and violence? A. Yes, sir, I have.

'Q. What has been their remarks to you concerning that? That is what reputation is based on. A. Well, I've heard Mr. Harris, the Cashier, say--

'Q. Go ahead. A. He has had some talk with Mr. Harris about considering loans and number of things about the Bank and Mr. Harris' statement to me was that he dreaded to see him come in, that he talked so rough he couldn't get along well with him, and things like that, in the Bank.

'Q. Haven't you actually been in a Directors' meeting when the plaintiff Henry Nance caused a commotion and disturbance? A. Yes, sir, he had been over at the stockholders' meeting. He asked to be put on as a Director and a few things like that, and the Bank didn't see fit to do it, and he raised a little fuss.'

The testimony of Mr. Wallace, as to what Mr. Harris had told him and as to what occurred when the stockholders of the bank refused to make him a director, was incompetent. Each party having testified, it was competent to show his general reputation as bearing on his credibility as a witness. Morgan v. Carolina Coach Co., 228 N.C. 280, 45 S.E.2d 339; Wilson Lumber & Milling Co. v. Atkinson, 162 N.C. 298, 78 S.E. 212, 49 L.R.A.,N.S., 733. In fact, this was done. If evidence as to 'peacefulenss and quietness' or as to 'high-temperedness, turbulence and violence' was competent for any purpose, a subject discussed below, only testimony as to general reputation for such traits was admissible. Stansbury, North Carolina Evidence, sec. 110, and decisions cited. A fortiori, hearsay evidence as to particular incidents was incompetent.

We regard the error in admitting the quoted testimony of Mr. Wallace as sufficiently prejudicial to require a new trial. However, other assignments of error, in respect of the admissibility of evidence, should be noticed.

Ordinarily, evidence of prior threats and of incidents of violence on prior unrelated occasions are competent only if the defendant was present or had knowledge thereof prior to the alleged assault. State v. Blackwell, 162 N.C. 672, 78 S.E. 316. Since the evidence upon the next trial may be different in these respects, we refrain from discussing the proper application of this rule to evidence of this character in the record now before us.

In addition to Mr. Wallace's testimony, defendants were permitted to elicit testimony from their other witnesses to the effect (1) that the general reputation of each defendant for peacefulness and quietness was good, and (2) that the general reputation of plaintiff for turbulence and violence was bad. As to the latter, the questions varied considerably as to the traits involved, i. e., often the word 'violence' was omitted; and the examiner joined with the word 'turbulence' such words as 'quarrelsomeness,' 'troublemaking,' 'high-temperedness,' 'disorder,' 'disturbances.' Indeed, the word 'turbulence' was the only word used consistently.

Prior to State v. Turpin, 1877, 77 N.C. 473, in homicide cases involving a plea of self-defense, except where the evidence was wholly circumstantial, testimony as to the general reputation of the deceased as a man of violence was held incompetent. Ruffin, C. J., in State v. Barfield, 30 N.C. 344, had said: 'The law no more allows a man of bad temper and habits of violence to be killed by another, whom he is not assaulting, than it does the most peaceable and quiet of men.' And the reasoning was that, since the fact and not the fear of an assault extenuated the killing, such testimony was foreign to the issue. He regarded such testimony as having a tendency to divert the jury from the real issue, thereby causing a verdict based largely on the prior general reputation of the combatants rather than on what transpired upon the occasion of the fatal encounter.

Since the evidence in the case at hand is positive and direct as to what occurred on the occasion of the alleged assault, we pass without discussion decisions to the effect that 'where the evidence is wholly circumstantial, testimony of the violent character and threats of the deceased, even if unknown to the prisoner, are admissible as tending to show the inherent probabilities of the transaction.' State v. Byrd, 121 N.C. 684, 28 S.E. 353, 354; State v. Blackwell, supra; State v. Hensley, 94 N.C. 1021; State v. Turpin, supra; State v. Tackett, 8 N.C. 210.

Since State v. Turpin, supra, where there is evidence tending to show that the killing was in self-defense, the defendant may offer evidence tending to show the bad general reputation of deceased as a violent and dangerous fighting man and the defendant's knowledge thereof. If and when the defendant offers such evidence, but not otherwise, the State may offer evidence (in rebuttal) tending to show the general reputation of the deceased as a man of peace and quiet. State v. Champion, 222 N.C. 160, 22 S.E.2d 232; State v. Carraway, 181 N.C. 561, 107 S.E. 142; State v. Blackwell, supra. The evidence is competent as bearing upon the reasonableness of the defendant's apprehension or belief that what he did was necessary to prevent death or great bodily harm. State v. Rawley, 237 N.C. 233, 74 S.E.2d 620, and cases cited. For the same reason, evidence of prior threats made by the deceased and communicated to the defendant are competent. State v. Carraway, supra; State v. Blackwell, supra.

Moreover, our decisions are to the effect that such testimony as to the general reputation of the deceased as a violent and dangerous fighting man, may relate to some peculiar trait in respect of violence or some condition under which he became violent, e. g., when drunk, if the evidence in the case on trial discloses the exhibition of such trait or the existence of such condition. State v. Carraway, supra; State v. Sumner, 130 N.C. 718, 41 S.E. 803; State v. McIver, 125 N.C. 645, 34 S.E. 439.

Generally, the legal principles relating to self-defense are equally applicable when the prosecution is for assault. State v. Nash, 88 N.C. 618; Saunders v. Gilbert, 156 N.C. 463, 72 S.E. 610, 38 L.R.A.,N.S., 404; State v. Elmore, 212 N.C. 531, 193 S.E. 713. Ashe, J., in State v. Nash, supra, says: 'And whatever will excuse a homicide, will of course, excuse an assault and battery.' In either aase, no more force may be used than is or reasonably appears to be necessary for the purpose of defense.

Yet in State v. Kimbrell, 151 N.C. 702, 66 S.E. 208, 614, an assault case, this Court, after referring to the rule as to prior communicated threats in homicide cases, held that such evidence was not admissible in assault cases. Walker, J., dissented. Limited approval of State v. Kimbrell, supra, will be found in State v. Gibson, 193 N.C. 487, 137 S.E. 417; but in that case no question of self-defense was involved. Thereafter, in 1933, such evidence was made admissible by statute in all cases of assault, assault and...