Ness v. Comm'r of Corps. & Taxation

• Decision Date: 26 May 1932
• Citation: 181 N.E. 178,279 Mass. 369
• Parties: NESS v. COMMISSIONER OF CORPORATIONS AND TAXATION.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

279 Mass. 369

181 N.E. 178

NESS

v.COMMISSIONER OF CORPORATIONS AND TAXATION.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.

May 26, 1932.

Report from Superior Court, Suffolk County; Whiting, Judge.

Proceeding upon complaint of Thomas W. Ness against the Commissioner of Corporations and Taxation for abatement of an income tax paid by complainant. The case came before the judge of the superior court as a case stated and was reported without decision by him for determination by the Supreme Judicial Court.

Complaint dismissed.

L. M. Lombard and C. J. Winkler, Jr., both of Boston, for complainant.

J. E. Warner, Atty. Gen., and C. F. Lovejoy, Asst. Atty. Gen., for respondent.

FIELD, J.

By this complaint, filed in the superior court April 23, 1930, under G. L. c. 62, § 47, as finally amended by St. 1926, c. 287, § 3 (see St. 1930, c. 416, § 33), abatement is sought of an income tax paid by the complainant upon his income for the year 1928. The case came before the judge as a case stated and was reported without decision by him for our determination. G. L. c. 231, § 111.

The only question argued is whether the complainant was liable to taxation upon his income for the year 1928. (No question is raised as to procedure, or as to the taxable nature of the income or the amount of the tax thereon if the complainant was a taxable person.) The complainant contends (a) that he was not liable for a tax on his income for the year 1928 unless he continued to be an ‘inhabitant’ of the commonwealth, within the meaning of the taxing statute, for some part of the year 1929, and (b) that he did not continue to be such an ‘inhabitant’ for any part of that year. The first contention need not be discussed for we are of opinion that on the case stated the complainant contined to be an ‘inhabitant’ of the commonwealth for a part of the year 1929.

Taxes upon income are imposed by G. L. c. 62, as amended. Section 1 provides that income of certain classes ‘received by any inhabitant of the commonwealth during the preceding calendar year’ shall be taxed at a given rate. Section 5 provides for the taxation of other classes of income ‘received by any inhabitant of the commonwealth during the preceding calendar year’ at other and different rates. See, also, section 19. Section 22 provides that every ‘individual inhabitant of the commonwealth * * * whose annual income from all sources exceeds two thousand dollars shall annually make a return of his entire income,’ with certain exceptions, and that every ‘other individual inhabitant’ who received taxable income shall make an annual return of such income. Section 25, prior to its amendment by St. 1929, c. 361, § 2, provided that every ‘individual who is an inhabitant of the commonwealth at any time between January first and June thirtieth, both inclusive, in any year,’ and certain other persons, ‘shall be subject to the taxes imposed by this chapter,’ and ‘shall file a return under section twenty-two or twenty-three if he has in the preceding year received income taxable under this chapter.’

The material facts in regard to the complainant's inhabitancy as agreed upon by the parties are in substance as follows: The complainant was an inhabitant of Newton during the year 1927 and the year 1928, ‘at least through December 27.’ In April 1928 he purchased a dwelling house at 217 First Street, Fort Meyers, Florida, with the intention of making it his home at some future time. On November 21, he paid Florida state, county and city taxes on this dwelling house. On December 5, he notified the board of assessors of Newton that he had purchased this dwelling house and was leaving for Fort Meyers with the intention of becoming a permanent inhabitant of that city. He also asked the board of assessors to make a notation to cancel any further assessments of poll taxes and to notify the board of registrars to remove his name from the list of voters, and stated that his future address would be 217 First Street, Fort Meyers, Florida. On December 28, 1928, the complainant left Newton with the intention of going directly to Fort Meyers and of making his home there in the house he had purchased and had no intention of returning to this commonwealth ‘as a state of domicil.’ The following day he took a steamship from New York City to Jacksonville, Florida. He arrived in Florida waters about 3 a. m., January 1, 1929, and in Jacksonville, Florida, at 7 a. m., January 1, 1929, and on the next day reached Fort Meyers.

1. If being an ‘inhabitant’ of the commonwealth within the meaning of the taxing statute is equivalent to having a domicil therein, the complainant was an inhabitant of the commonwealth until sometime in January, 1929. The complainant has not sustained the burden of proving a change of his domicil before January 1, 1929. See Commonwealth v. Bogigian, 265 Mass. 531, 538, 164 N. E. 472.

[5] The rules governing domicil are well settled. Every person must have a domicil somewhere. Feehan v. Tax Commissioner, 237 Mass. 169, 171, 129 N. E. 292. ‘Domicil of origin or domicil acquired remains until a new one is acquired.’ Hallet v. Bassett, 100 Mass. 167, 170. Even if it is true, as stated in that case, that ‘Native domicil is not so easily changed as acquired domicil and more easily reverts,’ compare Otis v. City of Boston, 12 Cush. 44, 50, the principle does not help the complainant for it does not appear that his domicil in Massachusetts was acquired or that his domicil of origin was in Florida. ‘To establish a change of domicil, fact and intent must concur.’ Babcock v. Slater, 212 Mass. 434, 436, 99 N. E. 173, 174. See, also, Whately v. Inhabitants of Hatfield, 196 Mass. 393, 394, 82 N. E. 48,13 Ann. Cas. 690;Tax Collector of Lowell v. Hanchett, 240 Mass. 557, 558-560, 134 N. E. 355;Commonwealth v. Bogigian, 265 Mass. 531, 538, 164 N. E. 472. A ‘domicil once existing cannot be lost by mere abandonment even when coupled with the intent to acquire a new one, but continues until a new one is in fact gained.’ Shaw v. Shaw, 98 Mass. 158, 160. See, also, Borland v. Boston, 132 Mass. 89, 42 Am. Rep. 424.

The facts in this case show that before the end of the year 1928 the complainant had formed an intention to acquire a domicil in Florida and, specifically, at Fort Meyers. He did not, however, reach any part of Florida until some time in January 1929. That, before the year 1928 closed, he had abandoned his old home and was beyond the borders of Massachusetts on his way to his new home with no intention of returning to this commonwealth ‘as a state of domicil’ was not sufficient to effect a change of domicil. So far as this case turns on the rules governing domicil, it is not distinguishable frm Shaw v. Shaw, 98 Mass. 158, and cannot be decided for the complainant without departing from the principle that a person must have a domicil somewhere. The complainant did not acquire a domicil in Florida until some time in 1929.

Even in Briggs v. Rochester, 16 Gray, 337, 340, relied on by the complainant, it was recognized that in circumstances closely similar to those of this case no change of domicil in its technical sense was effected, but this decision went on the ground that being an ‘inhabitant’ of a place within the meaning of the taxing statute was not equivalent to being domiciled therein. Colton v. Longmeadow, 12 Allen, 598, also relied upon by the complainant, was decided upon a similar state of facts. In the opinion it was stated that the ‘precise point was adjudged in Briggs v. Rochester, 16 Gray, 337, and this case must be governed by that decision,’ though there was also language to the effect that a person who had gone beyond the limits of the state with the intention of taking up his residence in another state ‘had abandoned his domicil in this state.’ Page 599 of 12 Allen. The decision was explained on the latter ground in Borland v. Boston, 132 Mass. 89, 95,42 Am. Rep. 424. See, for another explanation, Shaw v. Shaw, 98 Mass. 158, 160. But we think that Colton v. Longmeadow must stand or fall with Briggs v. Rochester, and cannot be regarded as an independent authority, opposed to the otherwise unbroken current of our decisions, for the proposition that an existing domicil may be lost without another being gained.

2. To be an ‘inhabitant’ of the commonwealth within the meaning of the incometax statute, is equivalent to being domiciled therein. This interpretation of the statute was assumed without discussion in Feehan v. Tax Commissioner, 237 Mass. 169, 129 N. E. 292, and in Commonwealth v. Bogigian, 265 Mass. 531, 164 N. E. 472. The tax upon income is in large part a substitute for the tax upon intangible personal property previously imposed upon owners thereof in the cities and towns of which they were inhabitants. See R. L. c. 12, § 23. No reason appears for a more restricted meaning of the word ‘inhabitant’ in the income-tax statute than in the...