New Hampshire Hosp. Ass'n v. Burwell
| Decision Date | 02 March 2017 |
| Docket Number | Civil No. 15-cv-460-LM |
| Citation | 2017 DNH 040 P |
| Parties | New Hampshire Hospital Association, et al. v. Sylvia Matthews Burwell et al. |
| Court | U.S. District Court — District of New Hampshire |
Several New Hampshire hospitals1 and the New Hampshire Hospital Association ("NHHA"), a non-profit trade association, bring this suit against the Secretary of Health and Human Services (the "Secretary"), the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS"), and the Administrator of CMS, alleging that defendants have set forth certain "policy clarifications" that contradict the plain language of the Medicaid Act and violate the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"). The court granted plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction barring defendants from enforcing the policy clarifications during the pendency of this litigation. See doc. no. 31. The parties now cross-move for summary judgment.
The parties agree that because this is an action for review of agency action under the APA, the case can and should be resolved on summary judgment. See 5 U.S.C. § 706; Atieh v. Riordan, 727 F.3d 73, 76 (1st Cir. 2013). The First Circuit has observed that the summary judgment "rubric has a special twist in the administrative law context." Assoc. Fisheries of Me., Inc. v. Daley, 127 F.3d 104, 109 (1st Cir. 1997). The court's job on summary judgment "is only to determine whether the Secretary's [policy] was consonant with [her] statutory powers, reasoned, and supported by substantial evidence in the record." Id. On cross motions for summary judgment, the standard of review is applied to each motion separately. See Am. Home Assurance Co. v. AGM Marine Contractors, Inc., 467 F.3d 810, 812 (1st Cir. 2006) (); see also Mandel v. Bos. Phoenix, Inc., 456 F.3d 198, 205 (1st Cir. 2006).2
Medicaid is a cooperative federal-state program designed to provide medical services to those members of society who,because they lack the necessary financial resources, cannot otherwise obtain medical care. See Wilder v. Virginia Hosp. Ass'n, 496 U.S. 498, 502 (1990). That is, the program provides medical care to a population generally consisting of the poor, including dependent children, the disabled, and the elderly. See 42 C.F.R. § 430.0. Legislation creating the program, the Medicaid Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396 et seq., "provides financial support to states that establish and administer state Medicaid programs in accordance with federal law." Long Term Care Pharm. All. v. Ferguson, 362 F.3d 50, 51 (1st Cir. 2004).
"Although participation in the Medicaid program is entirely optional, once a State elects to participate, it must comply with the requirements of [the Medicaid Act]." Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 301 (1980). In order to qualify for Medicaid funding, a state must adopt a Medicaid "plan," 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a), which must be approved by CMS, a subdivision of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. See Ferguson, 362 F.3d at 51. "The state plan is required to establish, among other things, a scheme for reimbursing health care providers for the medical services provided to needy individuals." Wilder, 496 U.S. at 502. If CMS approves a state's plan, the federal government provides reimbursements to the state for a portion of the expenditures that it incurs forMedicaid benefits, and for necessary and proper costs of administering the state plan. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396b(a). The state is responsible for the remainder of its Medicaid expenditures. See § 1396b.
Concerned with the "greater costs it found to be associated with the treatment of indigent patients," D.C. Hosp. Ass'n v. District of Columbia, 224 F.3d 776, 777 (D.C. Cir. 2000), Congress amended the Medicaid Act in 1981 to ensure that payments to hospitals providing Medicaid-eligible services to indigent patients "take into account . . . the situation of hospitals which serve a disproportionate number of low-income patients with special needs." § 1396a(a)(13)(A)(iv). Congress's "intent was to stabilize the hospitals financially and preserve access to health care services for eligible low-income patients." Va., Dep't of Med. Assistance Servs. v. Johnson, 609 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2009).
Under the Medicaid Act, states must ensure that such hospitals receive an "appropriate increase in the rate or amount of payment for such services" and that the reimbursements "reflect not only the cost of caring for Medicaid recipients, but also the cost of charity care given to uninsured patients." Louisiana Dep't of Health & Hosps. v. Ctr. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs., 346 F.3d 571, 573 (5th Cir. 2003) (discussing42 U.S.C. § 1396r-4(b)(1), (3)). Such increased payments are available to any hospital that treats a disproportionate share of Medicaid patients (a "disproportionate-share hospital" or "DSH"). § 1396r-4(b).3
In 1993, Congress amended the DSH program to limit DSH payments on a hospital-specific basis. See § 1396r-4(g). Congress enacted the hospital-specific limit in response to reports that some hospitals received DSH payment adjustments that exceeded "the net costs, and in some instances the total costs, of operating the facilities." Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, H.R. Rep. No. 103-111, at 211-12 (1993). The hospital-specific limit was established in § 1396r-4(g)(1), which is captioned: "Amount of adjustment subject to uncompensated costs." That section provides that DSH payments made to a hospital cannot exceed:
the costs incurred during the year of furnishing hospital services (as determined by the Secretary and net of payments under this subchapter, other than under this section, and by uninsured patients) by the hospital to individuals who either are eligible for medical assistance under the State [Medicaid] plan or have no health insurance (or other source of third party coverage) for services provided during the year.
§ 1396r-4(g)(1)(A).4 Thus, for Medicaid patients (as opposed to uninsured patients), the Medicaid Act sets the hospital-specific DSH limit as the costs a hospital incurs in furnishing hospital services to Medicaid-eligible patients "as determined by the Secretary and net of payments" under the Medicaid Act.5
In 2003, to monitor DSH payments, Congress enacted into law a requirement that each state provide to the Secretary an annual report and audit on its DSH program. See § 1396r-4(j). The audit must confirm, among other things, that "[o]nly the uncompensated care costs of providing inpatient hospital and outpatient hospital services to individuals described in [§ 1396r-4(g)(1)(A)] . . . are included in the calculation of the hospital-specific limits." § 1396r-4(j)(2)(C). Any overpayments that an audit reveals must be recouped by the state within one year of their discovery or the federal government may reduce its future contribution. See § 1396b(d)(2)(C).
On December 19, 2008, CMS promulgated a final rule implementing the statutory reporting and auditing requirement (the "2008 Rule"). See Disproportionate Share Hospital Payments, 73 Fed. Reg. 77904 (Dec. 19, 2008). The 2008 Rule requires that states annually submit information "for each DSH hospital to which the State made a DSH payment." 42 C.F.R. § 447.299(c). One such piece of required information is the hospital's "total annual uncompensated care costs," which is defined as follows:
The total annual uncompensated care cost equals the total cost of care for furnishing inpatient hospital and outpatient hospital services to Medicaid eligible individuals and to individuals with no source of third party coverage for the hospital services they receive less the sum of regular Medicaid [fee-for-service] rate payments, Medicaid managed care organization payments, supplemental/enhanced Medicaid payments, uninsured revenues, and Section 1011 payments . . . .
§ 447.299(c)(16). This section establishes a formula for a state to determine whether the hospital-specific DSH limit, as set forth in § 1396r-4(g)(1)(A), was calculated correctly.
The 2008 Rule also provides that any audits of DSH payments made prior to Fiscal Year 2011 would not result in the recoupment or reduction of federal funds used for DSH payments. See 73 Fed. Reg. 77906. Beginning with payments made in Fiscal Year 2011, any DSH overpayments must be recovered by the stateand returned to the federal government, unless they "are redistributed by the State to other qualifying hospitals." Id.
On January 10, 2010, CMS posted answers on its website to "frequently asked questions" regarding the audit and reporting requirements of the 2008 Rule. See Additional Information on the DSH Reporting and Auditing Requirement, https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/financing-and-reimbursement/downloads/part-1-additional-info-on-dsh-reporting-and-auditing.pdf (last visited March 2, 2017). Two of the frequently asked questions, FAQ 33 and FAQ 34, and CMS's responses to those questions are at issue in this case. FAQ 33 and CMS's response thereto are as follows:
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