Nifong v. C.C. Mangum, Inc.

• Decision Date: 05 March 1996
• Docket Number: No. COA94-1222,COA94-1222
• Citation: 468 S.E.2d 463,121 N.C.App. 767
• Court: North Carolina Court of Appeals
• Parties: Nina Gooch NIFONG, Plaintiff-Appellant v. C.C. MANGUM, INC., Defendant and Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee v. NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, Third-Party Defendant.

Page 463

468 S.E.2d 463

121 N.C.App. 767

Nina Gooch NIFONG, Plaintiff-Appellant v. C.C. MANGUM, INC., Defendant and Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee v. NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, Third-Party Defendant.

No. COA94-1222.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

March 5, 1996.

Pulley, Watson, King & Lischer, P.A., by Michael J. O'Foghludha, Durham, for plaintiff-appellant.

Cranfill, Sumner & Hartzog, L.L.P., by David H. Batten, Raleigh, for defendant-appellee.

EAGLES, Judge.

Summary judgment is proper "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(c). The trial court must view the forecast of evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Canady v. McLeod, 116 N.C.App. 82, 84, 446 S.E.2d 879, 880, disc. review denied, 338 N.C. 308, 451 S.E.2d 632 (1994). If the trial court grants summary judgment, the decision should be affirmed on appeal if there is any ground to support the decision. Shore v. Brown, 324 N.C. 427, 428, 378 S.E.2d 778, 779 (1989).

Here, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting defendant's motion for summary judgment because plaintiff presented a sufficient forecast of evidence to demonstrate defendant's negligence. Defendant counters that the trial court correctly granted its motion for summary judgment because defendant owed no legal duty to plaintiff under the "completed and accepted work" doctrine. Defendant also argues that because plaintiff was only an incidental beneficiary of the contract between defendant and the DOT, plaintiff cannot maintain an action based upon an alleged breach of contract. Third, defendant argues that even if the "completed and accepted work" doctrine did not apply, plaintiff presented no forecast of evidence of any negligence of defendant during the construction process.

In North Carolina, the "completed and accepted work" doctrine provides that "an independent contractor is not liable for injuries to third parties occurring after the contractor has completed the work and it has been accepted by the owner." Price v. Cotton Co., 226 N.C. 758, 759, 40 S.E.2d 344, 344 (1946). Price provides that the contractor is not liable even if the contractor "was negligent in carrying out the contract." Price, 226 N.C. at 759, 40 S.E.2d at 344-45. There are exceptions by which a contractor may be liable even after it has turned over the completed work. Among the exceptions is the so-called "imminently dangerous" work exception. Plaintiff argues that defendant remains liable here because it turned over work to the State that was "imminently dangerous." See Price, 226 N.C. at 759, 40 S.E.2d at 345 (stating that a "contractor is liable ... where the work done and turned over by him is so negligently defective as to be imminently dangerous to third persons, provided, ... the contractor knows, or should know, of the dangerous situation created by him, and the owner or contractee does not know of the dangerous condition or defect and would not discover it by reasonable inspection"). Our Supreme Court has stated that an object is "imminently dangerous" if injury will reasonably occur when the object is used for its declared purpose. Rulane Gas Co. v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 231 N.C. 270, 274, 56 S.E.2d 689, 693 (1949). Other courts have stated that to be imminently dangerous, " '[t]here must be knowledge of a danger, not merely possible, but probable.' " Reynolds v. Manley, 223 Ark. 314, 265 S.W.2d 714, 719 (1954) (quoting Jaroniec v. C.O. Hasselbarth, Inc., 223 A.D. 182, 228 N.Y.S. 302, 305 (N.Y.App.Div.1928)). Black's Law Dictionary defines an "imminently dangerous article" as "[o]ne that is reasonably certain to place life or limb in peril." Black's Law Dictionary 750 (6th ed. 1990).

Plaintiff relies on the deposition testimony of Don Moore, a member of a transportation engineering firm in Florida, to argue that defendant turned over work that was imminently dangerous. Don Moore testified that the road as constructed deviated from the DOT's plans and that it "create[d] a hazardous hydroplaning condition." Don Moore also opined that it "should have been obvious" that the transition in the curve as constructed by defendant did not occur as designed by the DOT. Plaintiff also presented the affidavits of three people who stated that when it rained, water collected on the road at the location of plaintiff's accident and that several people had hydroplaned in that area.

In contrast, defendant presented deposition testimony from several engineers who testified that defendant constructed the Miami Boulevard project in accordance with DOT plans and that the DOT would not have accepted and paid for the work unless the DOT was satisfied with defendant's performance. Defendant presented deposition testimony to show that before a contractor begins working on a road project, DOT engineers...