Nunez v. State, 53A04–1407–CR–346.

• Decision Date: 21 September 2015
• Docket Number: No. 53A04–1407–CR–346.,53A04–1407–CR–346.
• Citation: Nunez v. State, 43 N.E.3d 680 (Ind. App. 2015)
• Parties: Carlos I. NUNEZ, Appellant–Defendant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee–Plaintiff.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

43 N.E.3d 680

Carlos I. NUNEZ, Appellant–Defendant

v.STATE of Indiana, Appellee–Plaintiff.

No. 53A04–1407–CR–346.

Court of Appeals of Indiana.

Sept. 21, 2015.

Noah T. Williams, Monroe County Public Defender Agency, Bloomington, IN, Attorney for Appellant.

Gregory F. Zoeller, Attorney General of Indiana, Brian Reitz, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellee.

Opinion

SHEPARD, Senior Judge.

[1] By both law and practice, American courts have long been especially concerned that criminal defendants not give up various rights by virtue of being misled or uninformed or threatened.Here, the question is whether a conviction must be set aside because the defendant who was asking to waive trial by jury did not tell the trial judge that his request was voluntary.

Facts and Procedural History

[2] In December 2012, the State charged appellantCarlos I. Nunez with rape as a class B felony.Ind.Code § 35–42–4–1(1998).Nunez subsequently filed a verified waiver of jury trial, and the trial court accepted the waiver after a hearing in which Nunez participated.Following a bench trial, the court found Nunez guilty as charged and sentenced him to ten years.

Issue

[3] Nunez presents the issue on appeal this way: whether the trial court wrongly accepted his waiver because it was not voluntary and intelligent.

Discussion and Decision

I.Were There Omissions in Spanish Waiver Form?

[4] In seeking to waive jury, Nunez signed two waiver forms—one in English and one in Spanish.Nunez's appeal rests on a claim that the Spanish version was incomplete.

[5] The English version informed Nunez that (1)he had a right to a jury trial, (2) the jury would consist of six or twelve members, (3) the jury would listen to the evidence, the arguments, and the instructions, and the verdict would have to be unanimous, (4) if the waiver was accepted, the court would make a determination as to his guilt without the use of a jury, and (5) his guilt would be determined beyond a reasonable doubt by the judge alone.The form also declared that (6) no one made any promises of special treatment or leniency, or made threats to coerce him to waive his right to a jury trial, (7) the waiver was made freely, knowingly, understandingly, and voluntarily, and (8)he was affirming, under the penalties for perjury, that the representations in the waiver were true.Nunez and his counsel both signed the waiver.They each signed the Spanish version as well.

[6] Subsequently, in open court with an interpreter present, the court questioned Nunez about the waiver.In the course of this discussion, Judge Kellams asked Nunez if he had signed the waivers and if he understood that he was giving up the right to a jury trial.Nunez, through the interpreter, responded in the affirmative.The court also asked if Nunez had any questions about the fact that the trial would be conducted by the judge and the judge would make the determination about guilt.Nunez said he did not.The court determined the waiver was adequate.

[7] The Spanish version of the written waiver appears to mirror the English version, and Nunez apparently accepts that it covers the various explanations about jury trials and bench trials.But Nunez says the Spanish waiver lacks two provisions that are present in the English version: (1) a declaration that no promises or threats coerced him to waive his right to a jury trial, and (2) a declaration that the waiver was being made knowingly, understandingly, and voluntarily.

[8] Assuring justice under circumstances where some language barrier exists that might affect the interests of a participant with limited English proficiency is a matter of commitment and substantial effort for Indiana's judiciary.As Justice Rucker wrote recently, “For the last decade the State of Indiana has endeavored to create a more comprehensive and centralized interpreter program that ensures competent interpreter services in order to improve the quality of language access for LEP [Limited English Proficiency] litigants.”Ponce v. State,9 N.E.3d 1265, 1269(Ind.2014).¹Speaking for a unanimous court, he emphasized the need for careful attention to language issues “lest we run the risk of diminishing our system of justice by infringing upon the defendant's rights of due process.”Id.

[9] Proceedings in the trial court pursuant to a writ in aid of appellate jurisdiction have produced debates about where the Spanish form came from and the like, but no dispute about whether the Spanish version signed by Nunez omitted the material he has identified.We take it to be so.

II.Examining Waivers of Jury

[10] The right to trial by jury, guaranteed by both the state and federal constitutions, is a bedrock of our criminal justice system.Although this right may be waived, Indiana stipulates that waiver may occur only when the defendant personally waives and only when the record reflects that action in writing or in open court.Kellems v. State,849 N.E.2d 1110(Ind.2006).These requirements ensure that the waiver is knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, with sufficient awareness of the surrounding circumstances and the consequences.Id.

[11] The federal courts follow analogous practices.Trial by jury may be waived as long as four conditions are met: (1) the waiver is in writing, (2) the government consents, (3)the court accepts the waiver, and (4) the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently.United States v. Duarte–Higareda,113 F.3d 1000, 1002(9th Cir.1997).As for the fourth requirement, defendants should be informed that (1) twelve members of the community compose a jury, (2)the defendant may take part in jury selection, (3) a jury verdict must be unanimous, and (4)the court alone decides guilt or innocence if the defendant waives a jury trial.Id.In addition, the court should question the defendant to ascertain that the defendant understands the benefits and burdens of a jury trial and its waiver, especially where the record indicates a special disadvantage or disability bearing upon the defendant's understanding of the waiver.Id.

[12] So, what happens when a person convicted after a bench trial seeks to set aside the conviction on grounds that such procedures were inadequate?²In light of the fact that a person convicted by trial or plea is no longer presumed innocent, Williams v. State,273 Ind. 547, 549–50, 406 N.E.2d 241, 243(1980), the prevailing rule is that he bears the burden of establishing grounds on which the conviction should be set aside.

[13] There is but one exception to this general rule.It is an important but narrow exception applicable to guilty pleas under collateral attack.There, when the convicted challenger can show that the record is silent about whether he knew he was giving up three critical rights—trial by jury, facing the accusers, and the right against self-incrimination—the challenger prevails.Boykin v. Alabama,395 U.S. 238, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274(1969).“Presuming waiver from a silent record is impermissible,” Justice Douglas wrote for the Court.Id. at 242, 89 S.Ct. 1709.This rule was later described as necessary to ensure that the decision to plead was voluntary and intelligent and not the product of ignorance, terror, or deception.SeeBrady v. U.S.,397 U.S. 742, 90 S.Ct. 1463, 25 L.Ed.2d 747(1970).³

[14] Aside from the Boykin exception applicable to guilty pleas, the U.S. Supreme Court and federal circuits apply the general rule on burden of proof, including with respect to claims about waiver of jury:

If the result of the adjudicatory process is not to be set at naught, it is not asking too much that the burden of showing essential unfairness be sustained by him who claims such injustice and seeks to have the result set aside, and that it be sustained not as a matter of speculation but as a demonstrable reality.

Adams v. U.S. ex rel. McCann,317 U.S. 269, 281, 63 S.Ct. 236, 87 L.Ed. 268(1942).As the Sixth Circuit said more recently, “Although we will not presume waiver from a silent record, the burden of demonstrating that a waiver of jury trial was not valid lies with the defendant who waived it.”Sowell v. Bradshaw,372 F.3d 821, 832(6th Cir.2004), cert. denied,544 U.S. 925, 125 S.Ct. 1645, 161 L.Ed.2d 485(2005).This accords with the Seventh Circuit's declaration that a defendant who “understood that the choice confronting him was, on the one hand, to be judged by a group of people from the community, and on the other hand, to have his guilt or innocence determined by a judge” has knowingly and intelligently waived his right to trial by jury.U.S. ex rel. Williams v. DeRobertis,715 F.2d 1174(7th Cir.1983), cert. denied,464 U.S. 1072, 104 S.Ct. 982, 79 L.Ed.2d 219(1984).

[15] At the heart of the voluntary and intelligent requirement, of course, is concern that a defendant might waive jury out of ignorance or as a result of coercion or deception.In this case, the straightforward claim is that Nunez did not affirmatively tell the trial court that his decision to waive was voluntary and intelligent.Like the Sixth Circuit, we conclude that an appellant unable to point to actual evidence of some miscarriage like ignorance or coercion cannot prevail on direct...