Osborne v. State

• Decision Date: 25 March 2004
• Docket Number: No. 59A01-0309-CR-331.,59A01-0309-CR-331.
• Citation: 805 N.E.2d 435
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court
• Parties: Richard W. OSBORNE, Appellant-Defendant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff.

805 N.E.2d 435

Richard W. OSBORNE, Appellant-Defendant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff.

No. 59A01-0309-CR-331.

Court of Appeals of Indiana.

March 25, 2004.

Larry W. Medlock, Medlock Law Office, Paoli, IN, Attorney for Appellant.

Steve Carter, Attorney General of Indiana, Andrew A. Kobe, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellees.

OPINION

BAKER, Judge.

Today we are asked to determine whether a police officer may encourage a person on home detention to speed through an inhabited area while under the influence of alcohol and drugs in order to effectuate a pretextual stop to allow them to detain and search the occupants of the vehicle. We find that they may not.

Appellant-defendant Richard W. Osborne brings this interlocutory appeal challenging the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress evidence. Specifically, he challenges the reasonableness of the stop under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.¹

FACTS

On the evening of June 10, 2002, David Turner placed a call to Officer Greg Ashby of the Indiana State Police informing Officer Ashby that he would be bringing Osborne to French Lick and that Osborne had cocaine in his possession. Turner and Officer Ashby entered into an agreement whereby Turner would drive through French Lick with Osborne in the car and exceed the posted speed limit so that the police could pull him over. In exchange, Turner wanted Officer Ashby to speak with the prosecutor regarding Turner's girlfriend, who was facing charges of dealing in cocaine in Orange County. There was no showing that Turner had previously provided reliable information to the police as an informant, and he had been involved in crimes of dishonesty, including theft and writing bad checks. At the time of the call to Officer Ashby, Turner was on home detention, which was known to Officer Matthew Powell of the French Lick Police Department. Moreover, Turner testified in his deposition that he informed Officer Ashby that he had been drinking all day and had consumed cocaine. This testimony was not disputed by the State.

After speaking with Turner, Officer Ashby made arrangements with Officer Powell and Officer Kirby Stailey of the Indiana State Police as to where they were to be at the specified time that Turner's vehicle would be passing through Prospect on the way to French Lick so that they could assist Officer Ashby. Officer Stailey and his canine were to be in the vicinity waiting for Officer Ashby's call to assist by having the canine "trot" the vehicle for drugs.

Later that day, Turner told Osborne that he could "get him some women in French Lick," Appellant's Br. p. 3, so they got into the Honda Prelude owned by Turner's girlfriend and drove toward French Lick. At approximately 10:00 p.m.—precisely the time that was agreed upon— Turner drove through Prospect and passed Officers Ashby and Powell. Turner turned into the parking lot of a convenience store, and Osborne exited the vehicle and began walking toward the convenience store. Officer Ashby pulled in behind Turner's vehicle, blocking it, and activated the emergency lights. At Officer Powell's request, Osborne got back inside the vehicle.

The stop was videotaped from the cameras inside the officers' car. During the stop, Officer Ashby said to Turner, "I'm going to write you a ticket just to make it look ... besides you had a light out." Appellant's App. p. 107. Officer Ashby also later stated to Turner, "I'm going to let you go so that we don't blow...." Appellant's App. p. 114. Both times he cut his statements short before completing them. Officer Ashby ultimately issued to Turner a warning for having a defective headlamp and citations for driving while suspended and failing to wear a seatbelt. Officer Ashby testified, "I didn't stop him for speed, I stopped him for the head light." Tr. p. 29.

Officer Stailey walked his canine around the exterior of Turner's vehicle, and the dog gave a positive indication to the passenger side door. Appellant's App. p. 175-76. Officer Stailey then returned his canine to his vehicle and requested that Osborne exit Turner's vehicle. Officer Stailey informed Osborne of his Miranda rights and asked if he had any drugs in the vehicle or on his person. Osborne responded that he had cocaine on his person in his right front pocket, and Officer Stailey retrieved the cocaine from Osborne's pocket. Officer Ashby took Turner home, and Osborne was arrested.

The State charged Osborne with Possession of Cocaine², a class C felony. On December 12, 2002, Osborne filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized during the traffic stop. On July 7, 2003, a hearing was held on Osborne's motion to suppress, and the trial court denied the motion, finding that the passenger in a vehicle has no constitutional right to challenge the stop and that the totality of the circumstances as known to the police officers demonstrated that the police acted appropriately when they stopped Turner's vehicle. The trial court certified its ruling for interlocutory appeal on August 22, 2003, and we accepted jurisdiction.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

In resolving the issues presented, we first note that when reviewing a trial court's decision to deny a motion to suppress, our review is similar to other sufficiency matters. Edwards v. State, 759 N.E.2d 626, 630 (Ind.2001) (citing Goodner v. State, 714 N.E.2d 638, 641 (Ind.1999) (decided based upon the Fifth Amendment)). The record must disclose substantial evidence of probative value that supports the trial court's decision. Id. We do not reweigh the evidence, and we consider conflicting evidence most favorably to the trial court's ruling. Id.

Article One, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution provides:

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search or seizure, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized.

The Fourth Amendment of the United States constitution contains a nearly identical provision. However, Indiana courts interpret and apply Section 11 independently from federal Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Francis v. State, 764 N.E.2d 641, 646 (Ind.Ct.App.2002). Inasmuch as we place the burden on the State to show that under the totality of the circumstances its intrusion was reasonable, the Indiana constitution provides more liberal protection against search and seizure than does the federal constitution. State v. Stamper, 788 N.E.2d 862, 865 (Ind.Ct. App.2003); Null v. State, 690 N.E.2d 758, 761 (Ind.Ct.App.1998).

We observe that the decision to stop a vehicle is reasonable where the police have probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996). The subjective intentions of the officer play no role in determining the reasonableness of the stop under the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 813, 116 S.Ct. 1769. Moreover, pretextual stops are not unreasonable under the Indiana Constitution provided the officer has probable cause to believe there has been a traffic violation. Mitchell v. State, 745 N.E.2d 775, 787 (Ind.2001). However, we note that when evidence is obtained in violation of the constitution, such evidence may not be used against a defendant at trial. Frasier v. State, 794 N.E.2d 449, 457 (Ind.Ct.App.2003). "[T]he exclusionary rule is designed to deter police misconduct...." Figert v. State, 686 N.E.2d 827, 834 (Ind.1997). See also Quinn v. State, 792 N.E.2d 597, 603 (Ind.Ct.App.2003)

("The [U.S. v.] Green [111 F.3d 515, 523 (7th Cir.1997) ] court described the exclusionary rule as being calculated to prevent, not repair, police illegality by removing the incentive to disregard constitutional guarantees").

We note that Osborne argues, and the State conceded at oral argument, that he has standing to contest this stop as the passenger of the vehicle. The trial court correctly noted that this court has previously stated that "[a] person has no standing to object to a search of a car based merely upon the fact that he or she was a passenger legitimately riding in the car at the time of the search." Appellant's App. p. 11-12 (citing Porter v. State, 570 N.E.2d 1324, 1325 (Ind.Ct.App.1991); Groff v. State, 415 N.E.2d 721, 726 n. 8 (Ind.Ct. App.1981)). However, a different panel of this court more recently acknowledged that, "Every person in a motor vehicle has a right to contest the stop of the vehicle in which he is traveling as either a driver or passenger." McKnight v. State, 612 N.E.2d 586, 588 (Ind.Ct.App.1993) (citing Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 59 L.Ed.2d 660 (1979)). We agree with Osborne and McKnight and find that he has standing to raise this claim.

Our research has revealed no reported case in any American jurisdiction similar to the circumstances presented here. The nearest available analogy is to a "controlled buy" situation. A "controlled buy" occurs when an undercover police officer or a private citizen acting as an agent of the police under strict police supervision and control purchases illegal drugs from a dealer. Indiana courts have long approved of this investigatory practice. See McCollum v. State, 582 N.E.2d 804 (Ind.1991)

; Marlowe v. State, 786 N.E.2d 751 (Ind.Ct.App.2003); Whirley v. State, 408 N.E.2d 629 (Ind.Ct.App.1980); Locklayer v. State, 317 N.E.2d 868, 162 Ind.App. 64 (1974). The key to the controlled buy is that the police are in control of the situation at all times. However, this case is easily distinguished from a controlled buy in light of compelling public policy concerns.

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