Packer v. Board of Behavioral Science Examiners
| Decision Date | 14 October 1975 |
| Citation | 52 Cal.App.3d 190,125 Cal.Rptr. 96 |
| Parties | Jordan PACKER, Ph. D., Petitioner and Appellant, v. BOARD OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE EXAMINERS of the State of California, Respondent. Civ. 46106. |
| Court | California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals |
Cutler & Cutler by R. B. Cutler, Los Angeles, for petitioner and appellant.
Evelle J. Younger, Atty. Gen., and Mark A. Levin, Deputy Atty. Gen., for respondent.
Jordan Packer appeals the denial of his petition to mandate the State Board of Behavioral Science Examiners to restore his marriage, family, and child counseling license. (Bus. & Prof.Code, § 17800 et seq.)
Effective 23 November 1970 the Legislature broadened the Board's regulation of marriage, family, and child counseling and stiffened licensing requirements. (Stats. 1970, c. 1310.) On 19 November 1970 Packer, a licensed psychologist, 1 applied to the Board for a marriage, family, and child counseling license. Qualifications for a license then included two years' supervised counseling experience and a master's degree in a behavioral science from an accredited school. (Former Bus. & Prof.Code, § 17804.)
Packer's application listed his qualifications as four years' counseling experience, a bachelor's degree in psychology from a state college, a course of study in a psychology master's degree program at a state college, a master's degree in psychology from the California Institute of Psychology, and a doctorate in psychology from the Institute for Social and Psychological Research. Since the two latter institutes were unaccredited schools, Packer's degrees did not qualify him for licensing as a marriage, family, and child counselor. Nevertheless the Board issued Packer a license. 2
In May 1973 the Board revoked Packer's license because of its administrative error in issuing a license to an unqualified applicant. On Packer's petition for writ of mandate, the superior court found the Board's decision supported by the weight of the evidence and authorized by law. The court concluded that Packer had not qualified for a license, that the Board had authority to rectify its error, and that neither equitable nor constitutional principles prevented it from exercising that authority.
Packer contends he was qualified for a counseling license. He relies on a reciprocity provision, Business and Professions Code section 17809:
'The board may issue a license to any person who, at the time of application, holds a valid license issued by a board of marriage counselor examiners or corresponding authority of any state, provided, in its opinion the requirements for such licensure are substantially the equivalent of the requirements of this chapter, and upon payment of the fees specified.'
Packer argues that the requirements for his California psychologist's license were substantially equivalent to the requirements for a counseling license and that this license had been issued by a 'corresponding authority of any state.'
Packer misinterprets section 17809. The phrase 'corresponding authority of any state,' read in context, plainly refers to an authority in another state which, whatever its title, would be equivalent to a board of marriage counselor examiners in this state. The Board of Medical Examiners, which issued Packer's psychology license (see Bus. & Prof.Code, § 2900 et seq.), is not located in another state and is not equivalent to a board of marriage counselor examiners. The practice of a psychologist may include some services rendered by a marriage, family, and child counselor, 3 but it does not follow that every psychologist is a specialist in marriage, family, and child counseling and entitled to claim that title. In creating separate boards and establishing different licensing requirements the Legislature intended that each license, whether psychologist or counselor, should issue only in compliance with special qualifications set out for that license.
Packer argues the court should imply a 'grandfather clause' in the statutory plan of counseling licensure, so as to permit a psychologist who practiced marriage, family, and child counseling before 1970 to obtain a counseling license without meeting the subsequent stiffened legislative requirements. The grandfather clause Packer seeks, however, would give him more than he ever had. Under pre-1970 law Packer could counsel as part of his psychology practice (see fn. 2), but he could not advertise himself as a license marriage, family, and child counselor. The 1970 act specifically did not limit Packer's right to continue counseling as a psychologist. (Bus. & Prof.Code, § 17800.1.) Under a 1975 amendment, Packer's psychologist license will permit him to advertise that he Practices marriage, child, and family counseling but not that he is so licensed. (Bus. & Prof.Code, § 17800; Stats.1975, c. 198.) But Packer's claimed grandfather clause would permit him to advertise that he holds a marriage, family, and child counseling License. Implication of such a clause would loosen rather than tighten state supervision over counseling and move in a direction contrary to the legislative intent to achieve closer control over counseling practice. For example, the new legislation requires not only counseling experience but also written or oral examination and, after 1 September 1975, a master's degree in marriage, family, and child counseling or an equivalent field. (Bus. & Prof.Code, §§ 17804, 17805.) The public should be permitted to identify a counselor specifically trained in marriage, family, and child counseling.
Packer also argues we should presume the Board accepted his credentials as qualifications for a license. The evidence is to the contrary and defeats this presumption, for the Board's executive secretary testified the license was issued solely by error and Packer did not qualify for a license.
Packer next contends the Board should be estopped to revoke his license. But estoppel requires detrimental reliance (Driscoll v. City of Los Angeles, 67 Cal.2d 297, 305, 61 Cal.Rptr. 661, 431 P.2d 245), and Packer has shown none. He will continue to enjoy all benefits to which he is entitled under the statutes, and he may continue his psychology practice and counseling incident to that practice. Furthermore, estoppel does not ordinarily affect government action for the public welfare. (City of Long Beach v. Mansell, 3 Cal.3d 462, 493, 91 Cal.Rptr. 23, 476 P.2d 423.) The Board regulates the practice of marriage, family, and child counseling in order to further the public welfare, and a denial of the power to revoke a license erroneously issued to an unqualified applicant would preclude the Board from correcting its own mistakes, to the ultimate detriment of the public welfare.
Packer's final contention attacks the validity of accreditation in the field of marriage, family, and child counseling. Qualifications for a counseling license include a master's degree 'obtained from a college or university accredited by the Western College Association, the Northwest Association of Secondary and Higher Schools, or an essentially equivalent accrediting agency as determined by the (B)oard (of Behavioral Science Examiners).' (Bus. & Prof.Code, § 17804.) Packer argues this clause condones an impermissible delegation of a legislative function, viz. the determination of an applicant's qualifications, to a non-governmental association. He would require the Legislature to draw comprehensive regulations for determination of the adequacy of each applicant's preparatory education.
'It is well settled that the Legislature in demanding some standard of efficiency for those applying for licenses to practice a profession may in its judgment require applicants to be graduates of a school, the standards of which shall be in no particular less than those prescribed by an association or board of national significance.' (Beard v. State Bd. of E. & F. Directors, 111 Cal.App. 559, 561, 295 P. 1052, 1053.) 4 Ex parte Gerino, 143 Cal. 412, 419, 77 P. 166, 169, explains this rule in the context of the healing arts: (See also, Ex parte Whitley, 144 Cal. 167, 180--181, 77 P. 879.)
The private accrediting agencies encourage sound educational development and provide an ongoing review of the qualifications of educational institutions in a manner...
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