Patterson, In re

• Decision Date: 17 March 1966
• Docket Number: Cr. 9224
• Citation: 64 Cal.2d 357,49 Cal.Rptr. 801,411 P.2d 897
• Court: California Supreme Court
• Parties: , 411 P.2d 897 In re George F. PATTERSON on Habeas Corpus.

Page 801

49 Cal.Rptr. 801

64 Cal.2d 357, 411 P.2d 897

In re George F. PATTERSON on Habeas Corpus.

Cr. 9224.

Supreme Court of California, In Bank.

March 17, 1966.

George F. Patterson, in pro. per., and Saul M. Weingarten, Seaside, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for petitioner.

Thomas C. Lynch, Atty. Gen., Robert R. Granucci and John F. Kraetzer, Deputy Attys. Gen., for respondent.

MOSK, Justice.

In this habeas corpus proceeding petitioner requests us to order his unconditional release from custody on the ground that the trial courts which convicted him did not have jurisdiction over his person. Alternatively, he asserts the right to be transferred to the custody of the State of Texas in order to serve his California sentences and a prior Texas sentence concurrently. We have concluded that the convictions were valid but that petitioner should be released to the appropriate Texas authorities.

In January 1962 petitioner was convicted of robbery in Huntsville, Texas, and sentenced to a term of five years. He was released on parole in February 1963, and sometime during that year he came to California, apparently in violation of the conditions of his parole. In November 1963 petitioner was convicted in the Los Angeles Superior Court on two counts of second degree burglary. (Pen.Code, § 459.) The judgment declared that the sentences on the two counts were to run consecutively to each other, but failed to indicate whether or not they were to be consecutive in relation to any unexecuted prior sentences. In January 1964 he was convicted on two additional counts of second degree burglary in the Riverside Superior Court; the judgment provided that the sentences imposed were to be served concurrently with each other and with any uncompleted prior sentences. At the present time he is confined in the California Correctional Training Facility at Soledad subject to a detainer placed on him by Texas.

Petitioner contends that the California courts did not have jurisdiction to try him because he was then under the supervision of Texas parole authorities. He urges that parole constitutes constructive custody and that no other state may obtain jurisdiction until this custody is terminated. At the time of both his trials in California, petitioner was present in the courtroom and was in the physicial custody of California authorities. The actual presence of an individual in the courtroom is the most widely recognized basis for jurisdiction of a court. Indeed, it has been held that even one who is brought into a state illegally may not challenge the jurisdiction (of its courts upon that ground. (See Frisbie v. Collins (1952) 342 U.S. 519, 72 S.Ct. 509, 96 L.Ed. 541.) In the present case, since petitioner entered this state of his own volition while free on parole, it is clear that he was deprived of no constitutional right when he became subject to its laws and to the jurisdiction of its courts. The crossing of a state border does not empower an individual to commit crimes with impunity in the state which he enters. (Cf. Lascelles v. State of Georgia (1893) 148 U.S. 537, 542, 13 S.Ct. 687, 37 L.Ed. 549.)

It is claimed that the assumption of juridiction by California improperly infringed upon the powers of the State of Texas since that state had constructive custody over petitioner at the time of his California trials. A similar contention was raised in Strand v. Schmittroth (9th Cir. 1957) 251 F.2d 590, but after careful consideration it was rejected. The petitioner in that case had been convicted of a federal crime; while free on probation he was arrested and charged with a felony in state court. He claimed that because he was serving his federal probationary sentence he was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government and was immune from state prosecution. The court determined that the theory of exclusive jurisdiction was based upon a misinterpretation of earlier cases which had held that one sovereign could not compel another sovereign to surrender a prisoner whom it held in physical custody. These earlier cases had not relied upon the proposition that jurisdiction is exclusive but instead upon the conclusion that, for reasons of comity, a sovereign having physical custody over a prisoner should be permitted to execute its authority without interference.

Different consideration are relevant if, as in the case at hand, the offender is merely in the constructive custody of one state but is physically within a second state. In such circumstances, the assumption of jurisdiction by the second state does not constitue any serious infringement upon the powers of the first state. On the contrary, it is the second state which could justly claim an infringement of its sovereign powers if not permitted to arrest and try one who has committed a crime within its borders. Thus, the very principles of comity which preclude one state from requiring another to surrender physical custody of a prisoner, compel the conclusion that a state is not prevented from assuming jurisdiction over a person found within its borders by the fact that the person is in the constructive custody of another state or of the federal government. (Strand v. Schmittroth, supra, at pp. 598-599; United States ex rel. Brewer v. Maroney (3d Cir. 1963) 315 F.2d 687, 688; Krupnick v. United States (8th Cir. 1961) 286 F.2d 45, 46; Stewart v. United States (10th Cir. 1959) 267 F.2d 378, 381; cf. United States ex rel. Moses v. Kipp (7th Cir. 1956) 232 F.2d 147.)

In the case of In re Marzec (1945) 25 Cal.2d 794, 154 P.2d 873, this court apparently assumed that jurisdiction is not exclusive, although the issue was not explicitly discussed. In re Altstatt (1964) 227 Cal.App.2d 305, 308, 38 Cal.Rptr. 616, held that it should be presumed the sovereign first obtaining jurisdiction over the offender has consented to the assumption of jurisdiction by the second sovereign. The result reached in these cases is sound. Certainly no interest of the State of Texas would be served by treating petitioner's parole as a license to commit crimes in other states without fear of punishment. Therefore, we hold that petitioner was within the jurisdiction of the California Courts that tried him.

Although petitioner is not entitled to his unconditional release, the parties agree that he is entitled to be transferred to a Texas penal institution in order that he may serve his California sentences concurrently with the Texas sentence previously imposed. Penal Code section 669 provides in effect that when any person has been convicted of two or more crimes, whether in the same court or different courts, the last sentence shall be served concurrently with the prior sentences unless the trial judge determines within a specified period of time that it shall run consecutively. In re Stoliker (1957) 49 Cal.2d 75, 315 P.2d 12, held that the provisions of this section apply to cases in which the prior conviction was imposed by a federal court, and ordered that the petitioner be transferred to the custody of federal authorities since the latter would not credit him with time served in state institutions. The statute also applies to cases in which the prior conviction was in the court of another state. (People v. Massey (1961) 196 Cal.App.2d 230, 237-238, 16 Cal.Rptr. 402.) The judgment of the Riverside Superior Court specified that the sentences imposed were to run concurrently with any unexecuted prior sentences. The judgment of the Los Angeles Superior Court failed to specify whether the sentences were to run concurrently with or consecutive to prior sentences. Therefore, pursuant to section 669, they are deemed to be concurrent. Precedent indicates that Texas will not credit petitioner with the time served in California institutions (Ex parte Spears (1950) 154 Tex.Cr. 112, 235 S.W.2d 917, 236 S.W.2d 968, 18 A.L.R.2d 507; see Ex parte Johnston (1958) 166 Tex.Cr. 108, 110-111, 311 S.W.2d 861), and, therefore, Penal Code section 669 requires that he be transferred.

The sole purpose of transferring defendant to Texas is to permit him to serve his sentences concurrently. If at the time of his release by Texas a portion of the California sentence remains to be served, he should be returned to this state. The 1917 case of In re Whittington, 34 Cal.App. 344, 167 P. 404, held that a person could not be compelled to return to a state which had surrendered custody over him at some previous time, upon the theory that in agreeing to the transfer the state had impliedly waived its jurisdiction over him. (Accord, Jones v. Rayborn (Ky.1961) 346 S.W.2d 743; People ex rel. Barrett v. Bartley (1943) 383 Ill. 437, 50 N.E.2d 517, 147 A.L.R. 935.) However, In re Whittington has been criticized (In re Fedder (1956) 143 Cal.App.2d 103, 111, 299 P.2d 881) and the automatic rule of implied waiver has been rejected in other jurisdictions, including Texas (Ex parte Guinn (1955) 162 Tex.Cr. 293, 284 S.W.2d 721; United States ex rel. Moses v. Kipp (7th Cir. 1956) supra, 232 F.2d 147).

There may be cases in which a...