People v. Burns

• Decision Date: 10 August 1984
• Citation: 158 Cal.App.3d 1178,205 Cal.Rptr. 356
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Parties: PEOPLE of the State of California, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Leon Ronald BURNS, Defendant and Appellant. AO18752.

Page 356

205 Cal.Rptr. 356

158 Cal.App.3d 1178

PEOPLE of the State of California, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Leon Ronald BURNS, Defendant and Appellant.

AO18752.

Court of Appeal, First District, Division 2, California.

Aug. 10, 1984.

Hearing Denied Oct. 25, 1984.

John K. Van de Kamp, Atty. Gen., Ronald D. Smetana, Deputy Atty. Gen., San Francisco, for plaintiff and respondent.

Quin Denvir, State Public Defender, Mark Fogelman, Deputy State Public Defender, San Francisco, for defendant and appellant.

KLINE, Presiding Justice.

Appellant Leon Ronald Burns was charged with rape (Pen.Code § 261, subd. (2)), ¹ kidnapping (§ 207), and forcible oral copulation (§ 288a, subd. (c)). Firearm use allegations were set forth in connection with each count (12022, subd. (b)).

After pleading not guilty to all of the charges and denying the use allegations, appellant was advised of his right to counsel and indicated to the court that he wished to represent himself at trial.

A jury trial was commenced, and appellant represented himself at the proceedings. On the third day of trial appellant withdrew his plea of not guilty and entered a guilty plea as to each count in the information and admitted the use allegations. Thereafter, the court sentenced appellant to a principal term of six years (the middle term) for the rape count, a full consecutive term of five years (the middle term) for the kidnapping count, and a concurrent term of six years (the middle term) for the oral copulation count. The firearm use enhancements were stricken.

As will appear, the People concede that the sentence imposed is legally defective. The genuine issue before us, therefore, is whether to remedy this defect ourselves or, in the alternative, remand the case so as to permit the trial court to do so. The practical consequences of the alternatives are significantly different.

FACTS

The facts pertinent to the issue are as follows. Monica Z., the victim of the rape, testified that on the day in question she was waiting on a street corner for a bus which was to take her to high school. Monica noticed appellant at the bus stop when he asked her if she was finished with a public phone she was then using. After appellant took the phone and completed his call, he approached Monica from behind, told her to turn around, and forced her at gunpoint into his car. Appellant drove the victim some 36 blocks to a secluded place behind a garage. The trip took approximately five to eight minutes. Appellant then forced Monica into the back seat of the car where he raped and orally copulated her. Shortly thereafter, appellant allowed Monica to leave the car and drove off.

Appellant's testimony related a different version of the facts leading to the rape. He acknowledged that he first met Monica on the morning of the rape when he stopped to use a phone at the bus stop where she was waiting. He claims, however, that he did not force Monica into the car, but that he offered to drive her to school and that she accepted. Appellant testified that when he offered to give Monica a ride he did not intend to kidnap or rape her, but intended only to take her to school. Appellant claims they engaged in pleasant conversation during the drive to her high school and that he did not threaten her in any way. Appellant testified that shortly

before reaching Monica's school "all of a sudden that desire just cropped up in [his] heart and she became very appealing and attractive to the point where [he] was [158 Cal.App.3d 1181] excited" and he "swung the car around ..., went to the vacant lot, and ... proceeded to rape Monica Z."

DISCUSSION

Where a defendant perpetrates a kidnapping for the purpose of committing a rape, it contravenes section 654 ² to impose separate consecutive sentences for both offenses. (People v. Masten (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 579, 588-589, 187 Cal.Rptr. 515; People v. Panky (1978) 82 Cal.App.3d 772, 783, 147 Cal.Rptr. 341; People v. Rocco (1971) 21 Cal.App.3d 96, 109-110, 98 Cal.Rptr. 365; People v. Laster (1971) 18 Cal.App.3d 381, 393-395, 96 Cal.Rptr. 108; People v. Flores (1968) 267 Cal.App.2d 452, 459-460, 73 Cal.Rptr. 118; People v. Livingston (1967) 252 Cal.App.2d 630, 636-637, 60 Cal.Rptr. 728; People v. Nelson (1965) 233 Cal.App.2d 440, 445-446, 43 Cal.Rptr. 626; People v. Bynes (1963) 223 Cal.App.2d 268, 272-273, 35 Cal.Rptr. 633.) However, where a defendant kidnaps a victim for one purpose, and then later forms an intent to rape, he may be punished for both kidnapping and rape. (In re Ward (1966) 64 Cal.2d 672, 677-678, 51 Cal.Rptr. 272, 414 P.2d 400; People v. Ratcliffe (1981) 124 Cal.App.3d 808, 814-819, 177 Cal.Rptr. 627.)

The parties now agree that there is no evidence in the record to support a finding that appellant kidnapped Monica for one purpose and then later formed an intent to rape her. Accordingly, the parties also agree, as we do, that it was legal error to sentence appellant to consecutive terms for the kidnapping and the rape.

Relying on In re Adams (1975) 14 Cal.3d 629, 122 Cal.Rptr. 73, 536 P.2d 473, and People v. Masten, supra, 137 Cal.App.3d 579, 187 Cal.Rptr. 515, appellant contends that the appropriate remedy is for us to simply stay execution of the sentence imposed for the lesser offense of kidnapping and require such stay to become permanent when the sentence imposed for the greater offense of rape is complete. (14 Cal.3d at 636-637, 122 Cal.Rptr. 73, 536 P.2d 473; 137 Cal.App.3d at 590, 187 Cal.Rptr. 515.) The practical effect of this approach would be to decrease appellant's sentence from eleven to six years.

The People, on the other hand, maintain that the case should be remanded to the trial court for resentencing in the manner prescribed by law. On remand the trial judge would have a number of sentencing choices which would permit him to impose a sentence of more than six years. ³

In arguing that remand is improper, appellant places considerable reliance upon our statement in People v. Masten, supra, 137 Cal.App.3d 579, 187 Cal.Rptr. 515, that "[t]he appropriate procedure for remedying a section 654 violation is to stay execution of the sentence imposed for the lesser offense, such stay to become permanent when service of sentence for the greater offense is completed." (Id., at p. 590, 187 Cal.Rptr. 515, citing In re Adams, supra, 14 Cal.3d 629, 636-637, 122 Cal.Rptr. 73, 536 P.2d 473.) In Masten, however, the case was actually returned to the trial court for resentencing because other sentencing error in that case (an improper enhancement) required remand. (Masten, supra, 137 Cal.App.3d at 590-591, 187 Cal.Rptr 515.) Moreover, upon remand, the maximum reduction in sentence the defendant in Masten could have achieved was 20 months. Thus, we were not in Masten, as we are here, directly confronted with the question whether to permit a convicted criminal defendant to substantially benefit from fortuitous sentencing error.

Contrary to appellant's assertion, the rule articulated in Masten did not purport to be and is not the exclusive remedy for section 654 error. Although Masten was decided after the effective date of the Determinate Sentencing Law (DSL) (Stats.1976, c. 1139, Art. 1), the remedy articulated in that case has its roots in cases decided under the former Indeterminate Sentencing Law (ISL). ⁴ Pursuant to the ISL, the Adult Authority had broad discretion, within constitutional limits, to set a term which it believed was appropriate to the particular offense and the individual offender. (See In re Rodriguez (1975) 14 Cal.3d 639, 645, 652, 122 Cal.Rptr. 552, 537 P.2d 384; People v. Wingo (1975) 14 Cal.3d 169, 174, 182-183, 121 Cal.Rptr. 97, 534 P.2d 1001; Cassou & Taugher, Determinate Sentencing in California: The New Numbers Game (1978) 9 Pacific L.J. 5, 8-9. Comment, Senate Bill 42--The End of the Indeterminate Sentence (1977) 17 Santa Clara L.Rev. 133, 135-136; Oppenheim, Computing a Determinate Sentence ... New Math Hits the Courts (1976) 51 State Bar J. 604, 605.) ⁵ For this reason, consecutive sentences judicially imposed under the ISL had a significantly different and less important effect than do those now imposed under the DSL. "While under the old law one thought of consecutive sentencing simply as a mode of sentencing and not a penalty like arming or use, [under the DSL] it is now listed as an enhancement in Penal Code Section 1170(b) and it does involve a computation that adds a numerical increment to the term." (Cassou & Taugher, supra, 9 Pacific L.J. at 53, fn. 356, italics added, see also p. 56.)

Thus, under the ISL, staying a consecutive sentence imposed in violation of section 654 had little if any impact on the term actually served by a prisoner. Under the DSL, however, staying a consecutive sentence will result in a direct and calculable decrease in the sentence--in the instant case from eleven to six years. We do not believe that the interests of justice would be served if we were to slavishly adhere to prior decisions with respect to an issue not there considered in the context that confronts us now, and thereby confer a windfall on the defendant at the expense of the legitimate interests of the People in having an appropriate sentence pronounced. As noted in People v. Savala (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 63, 195 Cal.Rptr. 193, a defendant's aggregate prison term under the DSL "cannot be viewed as a series of separate independent terms, but rather must be viewed as one prison term made up of interdependent components. The invalidity of some of those components necessarily infects the entire sentence .... In making its sentencing choices in the first instance the trial court undoubtedly considered the overall prison term to be imposed .... When defendant successfully urged the illegality of his sentence on appeal the illegality did not relate only to a portion of the sentence but infected the whole." (Id., at pp. 69-71, 195 Cal.Rptr. 193.) ⁶

On remand, the trial court is entitled...