People v. Cagle, 84SA50

• Decision Date: 24 September 1984
• Docket Number: No. 84SA50,84SA50
• Citation: 688 P.2d 718
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Troy Roger CAGLE, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: Colorado Supreme Court

Page 718

688 P.2d 718

The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Troy Roger CAGLE, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 84SA50.

Supreme Court of Colorado En Banc.

Sept. 24, 1984.

Robert R. Gallagher, Jr., Dist. Atty., Catherine DiSante, Deputy Dist. Atty., Littleton, for plaintiff-appellant.

Bruce B. Lassman, Lassman & Williams, P.C., Castle Rock, for defendant-appellee.

DUBOFSKY, Justice.

The People appeal a ruling of the Arapahoe County District Court suppressing evidence seized from the defendant, Troy Roger Cagle, and the defendant's statement to police officers. We vacate the ruling of the district court and remand this case for additional findings.

On June 19, 1983, Greenwood Village Police Officer Patrick Cillo, on patrol in his police car, began following the defendant's automobile because he believed that its presence in the area was suspicious. After observing the defendant change lanes without signaling, Officer Cillo turned on his overhead lights to signal the defendant to stop. The officer then noticed the defendant's passenger bend down in his seat and remain in that position until just before the defendant turned a corner and pulled over. The defendant, who got out of his automobile and approached Officer Cillo, was unable to produce a driver's license and gave a false name. ¹ The officer recognized the defendant and knew that the defendant had falsely identified himself. Officer Cillo called for back-up assistance and ordered the defendant's passenger out of the car. As the passenger opened the car door the officer noticed a bottle of whiskey in the car. The officer was aware that neither the defendant nor his passenger was twenty-one years of age or older.

Officer Cillo then checked under the passenger's seat in the defendant's car and discovered a shirt crammed under the seat. As he pulled the shirt out, a plastic bag containing mushrooms fell to the floor. After finding the mushrooms, Officer Cillo placed the defendant and the passenger under arrest. The officer advised the defendant of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), and the defendant stated that the plastic bags contained hallucinogenic mushrooms.

The defendant was charged with possession of psilocybin, a controlled substance, in violation of section 18-18-105, 8 C.R.S. (1983 Supp.). ² Before trial, the defendant moved to suppress the evidence found in his car and his statement to Officer Cillo. The district court granted the motion, ruling that although the officer had probable cause to stop the defendant, he did not have reasonable suspicion to search the defendant's car for a weapon. ³ The court held that the defendant's statement was the fruit of an illegal search. The People appeal under C.A.R. 4.1 which authorizes the People to bring before this court interlocutory appeals of fourth amendment suppression rulings.

The People contend that the district court erred in suppressing the evidence, relying on two exceptions to the general requirement that police officers obtain warrants before searching private property. The People seek to apply the automobile search incident to an arrest exception of New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 2860, 69 L.Ed.2d 768 (1981) and People v. Henry, 631 P.2d 1122 (Colo.1981), and the investigatory stop exception of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), as applied to automobile searches by the United States Supreme Court in Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983). We agree that the rule of Long may be applicable here and remand the case for appropriate factual findings.

I.

The People argue that Officer Cillo's search of the defendant's automobile may be upheld as a search incident to an arrest, relying on the district court's finding that the officer "had probable cause" to stop the defendant. The People assert that Officer Cillo had probable cause to arrest the defendant for changing lanes without signaling, ⁴ failure to produce a driver's license, ⁵ possession of liquor by a minor, ⁶ and criminal impersonation. ⁷ The defendant argues that, regardless of the existence of probable cause, there can be no search incident to an arrest unless there is an arrest. Officer Cillo did not arrest the defendant until after the search at issue.

The automobile search incident to an arrest doctrine of Belton and Henry was designed to respond to exigencies when police arrest suspects who may be dangerous. Protection for police from dangerous suspects who have not been arrested is addressed by the investigatory stop doctrine of Terry, applied by this court in Stone v. People, 174 Colo. 504, 485 P.2d 495 (1971) and People v. Tate, 657 P.2d 955 (Colo.1983), and recently applied to automobile searches by the United States Supreme Court in Long. We believe that the rule of Terry, Stone and Tate, as applied in Long, adequately covers the situation where an officer has probable cause to arrest a suspect but chooses not to do so. We therefore choose not to apply the search incident to an arrest doctrine to the instant case. ⁸

II.

With less than probable cause for arrest, a police officer may constitutionally conduct an investigatory stop, and a limited search of the person for weapons, only if three requirements are met:

(1) there must be an articulable and specific basis in fact for suspecting that criminal activity has occurred, is taking place, or is about to take place; (2) the purpose of the intrusion must be reasonable; and (3) the scope and character of the intrusion must be reasonably related to its purpose.

Tate, 657 P.2d at 958; see also, Terry, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889; People v. Thomas, 660 P.2d 1272 (Colo.1983); Stone, 174 Colo. 504, 485 P.2d 495. ⁹ Recently, in Long, the United States Supreme Court held that a weapons search accompanying an investigatory stop may extend to the passenger compartment of an automobile,

limited to those areas in which a weapon may be placed or hidden ... if the police officer possesses a reasonable belief based on 'specific and articulable facts which, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant' the officers in believing that the suspect is dangerous and the suspect may gain immediate control of weapons. [Citation and footnote omitted.]

103 S.Ct. at 3480. The validity of the stop and search of the passenger compartment in this case is thus governed by the standards enunciated in Tate and Long.

The district court found that Officer Cillo had "probable cause" to make the stop. We construe this finding as a determination that the first condition for an investigatory stop and search--that it be justified by a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity--has been met for the purposes of this appeal. ¹⁰ The district court held, however, that Officer Cillo's search of the defendant's car was improper because it violated the third condition of Tate. The court saw "no indication or even reasonable suspicion that there would have been a weapon in the car." Therefore, the court found, the scope and character of the stop and search were not reasonably related to its purpose. The court made no findings as to the second requirement of Tate. We disagree with the district court's conclusion concerning the scope and character of the search but remand this case for a determination as to the second requirement of Tate: whether the purpose of the search was reasonable. ¹¹

A.

Although evidence discovered in the course of a lawful search for weapons will not be suppressed, Tate, 657 P.2d 955, the investigatory stop doctrine does not authorize police officers generally to conduct warrantless automobile searches whenever they conduct an investigatory stop. Long, 103 S.Ct. at 3480 n. 14. Under Long a search of the passenger compartment of a suspect's car during an investigatory stop is permitted only if police reasonably believe the suspect to be potentially dangerous. United States v. Stoecker, 17 M.J. 158 (C.M.A.1984). We cannot determine from this record whether the officer's purpose in entering the vehicle was to make a protective search. We therefore remand this case for a determination as to the second element of the Tate test: whether the purpose of the search was reasonable.

The second condition of Tate requires a two-fold inquiry: the court must first determine the officer's actual purpose in making the search, and then determine whether this purpose was reasonable. Where an officer conducts an investigatory stop, an accompanying search upon less than probable cause is permissible solely for the purpose of discovering weapons. Long, 103 S.Ct. at 3480 n. 14; Terry, 392 U.S. at 24, 88 S.Ct. at 1881; Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 64, 88 S.Ct. 1889, 1903, 20 L.Ed.2d 917 (1968). The officer must in fact entertain this purpose at the time of the search; the delicate balance that the rule of Terry strikes between the officer's protection and the suspect's privacy would be skewed if an officer were permitted to search for evidence and rationalize it only after the fact as a search for weapons. See People v. Casias, 193 Colo. 66, 75, 563 P.2d 926, 933 (1977) (condemning "the nominal weapons search which, on the facts, can only have been aimed at procuring evidence."). The court's inquiry into the purpose of the intrusion, therefore, begins with the officer's declarations as to his intention at the time of the search; evidence of the officer's intention is relevant to the reasonableness of purpose issue. The court also must examine the objective circumstances surrounding the search in order to arrive at its own factual determination of the officer's purpose; only then may the court consider whether the purpose was reasonable. ¹² People v. Lewis, 659 P.2d 676 (Colo.1983).

At the district court hearing, Officer Cillo testified that he conducted the search of the defendant's car because he believed that the...