People v. Cooke

• Decision Date: 18 October 1991
• Citation: 578 N.Y.S.2d 76,152 Misc.2d 311
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of New York v. George M. COOKE, Defendant.
• Court: New York Justice Court

Page 76

578 N.Y.S.2d 76

152 Misc.2d 311

The PEOPLE of the State of New York v. George M. COOKE, Defendant.

Justice Court, Village of South Nyack Rockland County.

Oct. 18, 1991.

George M. Cooke, pro se.

Kenneth Gribetz, Dist. Atty. (Reneau Longoria, of counsel), for the People.

DANIEL MARKEWICH, Acting Justice.

The defendant stands charged with disorderly conduct in violation of Penal Law 240.20(7) for allegedly urinating in public. At the end of the People's case, and again at the conclusion of all the evidence presented at this bench trial, the court reserved decision on the defendant's motions for a trial order of dismissal. As well, the court deferred the rendering of a verdict pending further consideration of the facts and the applicable law.

The material issues herein are whether the defendant by his conduct committed an act that served "no legitimate purpose" and that created "a physically offensive condition," and whether he thereby recklessly created "a substantial and unjustifiable risk" of "public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm." Penal Law 240.20(7); 15.05(3). Legal research has disclosed only one case holding public urination to constitute disorderly conduct, State of Nebraska v. Cherry, 185 Neb. 103, 105, 173 N.W.2d 887, 888 (1970). While that decision is persuasive in finding that "Defendant's conduct, depending upon the circumstances, would be embraced within the general term 'indecent behavior' and could, by shocking the public sense of morality, be a disorderly act which in our society might tend to disturb the peace and quiet of the city," it must also be noted that the Nebraska court was called upon to construe a vastly different ordinance and enabling statute that gave practically no relevant content beyond "indecent or disorderly conduct" to the definition of the offense. See also, City of Pasco v. Dixson, 81 Wash.2d 510, 503 P.2d 76 (1972), where that portion of a city ordinance specifically barring "urinating in public view" as disorderly conduct was implicitly approved in dictum. Plainly, a definition so specific has no bearing on the present case and, in any event, the conviction for violating a different portion of the ordinance, was reversed.

People v. Carter, 13 A.D.2d 652, 213 N.Y.S.2d 793 (1st Dept.1961), also suggests that public urination may be disorderly conduct. Although the memorandum decision of the Appellate Division in that case appears to be purposely obscure as to the underlying facts, the respondent's brief reveals that the defendant-appellant had been charged with indecent exposure under former Penal Law 1140 and convicted of disorderly conduct under former Penal Law 722(1) and (2) as a lesser included offense for allegedly exposing his private parts and urinating in a classroom where he had been taking an examination. According to the respondent's brief, the defendant-appellant testified in his defense at trial that, having unsuccessfully sought to get permission from the classroom monitors to go to the toilet, "he was compelled to succumb to the urge to urinate" and did so in his pants while still in the classroom.

The First Department reversed the conviction and dismissed the information "on the ground that there is a reasonable doubt whether defendant's conduct resulted from a momentary and unanticipatable lack of physical control." (People v. Carter, supra, at 653, 213 N.Y.S.2d 793.) In view of the reversal as well as the differences in definition between former Penal Law 722 (1) and (2) and present Penal Law 240.20(7), there is no clear New York precedent as to whether an act of public urination can violate Section 240.20(7). It must be observed, however, that according to the Commission Staff Notes, p. 389, to Proposed N.Y.Penal Law § 250.05 (1964 pamphlet), Penal Law 240.20(7) "is a catchall provision, along the lines of existing Penal Law § 722(2)," the very offense as to which Carter's conviction might have been affirmed but for his defense of "lack of physical control." This circumstance would certainly suggest that Penal Law 240.20(7) may be found to encompass public urination.

The court has no doubt that Penal Law 240.20(7) is constitutional on its face, for the same reasons as those set forth with respect to Section 240.20(2) in People v. Bakolas, 59 N.Y.2d 51, 462 N.Y.S.2d 844, 449 N.E.2d 738 (1983). People v. Mehdi, 29 N.Y.2d 824, 327 N.Y.S.2d 659, 277 N.E.2d 673 (1971), in which the issue of the constitutionality of subdivision 7 as applied was deferred, raised First Amendment considerations not present in this case. Moreover, the somewhat similar language of Penal Law 240.25(5) has implicitly been upheld in People v. Wood, 59 N.Y.2d 811, 464 N.Y.S.2d 738, 451 N.E.2d 485 (1983), and Rogers v. Rogers, 161 A.D.2d 766, 556 N.Y.S.2d 114 (2d Dept.1990).

It should be noted that the Village of South Nyack has no ordinance forbidding public urination as such, albeit such a provision, "governing the safety, health and well-being" of those within the village, would certainly be enforceable pursuant to People v. New York Trap Rock Corp., 57 N.Y.2d 371, 377, 456 N.Y.S.2d 711, 442 N.E.2d 1222 (1982); Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 298 n. 7, 104 S.Ct. 3065, 82 L.Ed.2d 221 (1984), and People v. Hollman, 68 N.Y.2d 202, 206, 507 N.Y.S.2d 977, 500 N.E.2d 297 (1986). See also, City of Pasco v. Dixson, supra. Pursuant to these cases, the court has no doubt that the State of New York could also embrace public urination within the statutory definition of disorderly conduct; cf. People v. Carter, supra. The question is whether, by the language of Penal Law 240.20(7), the Legislature has done so.

The court emphasizes that a defendant cannot ordinarily be found guilty of disorderly conduct merely upon proof that he urinated in a public place. A persuasive defense of urgency, necessity or incontinence, at least when coupled with the unavailability of nearby restroom facilities and with reasonable efforts by the defendant to conceal his act, would negative some or all of the elements required for conviction under Penal Law 240.20(7). People v. Carter, supra; Penal Law 35.05(2). Of the foregoing factors, all but concealment would seem also to constitute valid defenses to a charge of public urination under a local ordinance. Thus, neither Penal Law 240.20(7) nor a public urination ordinance can properly be used as a "dragnet" to rid the streets of those whose lifestyle the community may regard as undesirable.

Section 240.20(7) was not improperly used in the present case. The court concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant urinated in public and that his act of public urination served no legitimate purpose, since he had left a tavern where there was an available men's room only a few moments before and he was still less than a block away, yet he chose to urinate in public view under a street lamp on a main thoroughfare without even making an effort to return to the tavern or to conceal himself.

The most difficult issue of law in the present case is whether by his conduct the defendant created the "physically offensive condition" that Penal Law 240.20(7) requires for conviction. According to Black's Law Dictionary (265 [5th ed.], a "condition" as relevantly defined is nothing more than a "state or situation." It is no defense to a charge of Penal Law 240.20(7) that, as here, the condition created by the defendant may have had only transitory public impact. As the 1964 Commission Staff Notes, supra, § 250.25, at p. 391, demonstrate: "The offense of 'nuisance,' in some phases at least, resembles disorderly conduct," the difference being that disorderly conduct, a violation, generally "relates to a specific act or acts of brief duration" while criminal nuisance, a class B misdemeanor, involves "a continuing condition." At the very least, the defendant herein by his act created a condition "of brief duration." The issue is whether that condition was "physically offensive" within the meaning of the disorderly conduct statute.

Penal Law 240.20(7) is derived from, and nearly identical to, Section 250.2(1)(c) of the Model Penal Code. 1964 Commission Staff Notes, supra at p. 389. The few reported cases that have construed subdivision 7 have held that it encompassed "situations such as throwing fireworks into a crowd or loosening noxious...