People v. Grimes

• Decision Date: 09 July 2021
• Docket Number: KA 18-00535,1210
• Citation: 196 A.D.3d 1088,151 N.Y.S.3d 580
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Jakim GRIMES, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: New York Supreme Court — Appellate Division

196 A.D.3d 1088

151 N.Y.S.3d 580

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent,

v.Jakim GRIMES, Defendant-Appellant.

1210

KA 18-00535

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department, New York.

Entered: July 9, 2021

LINDA M. CAMPBELL, SYRACUSE, FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, SYRACUSE (BRADLEY W. OASTLER OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.

PRESENT: CARNI, J.P., LINDLEY, CURRAN, WINSLOW, AND BANNISTER, JJ.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.

Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a plea of guilty of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree ( Penal Law § 220.16 [12] ). We previously held this case, reserved decision, and remitted the matter to Supreme Court for a determination whether the arresting officer possessed the requisite justification to conduct the frisk of defendant after the lawful stop of the vehicle defendant was driving.

Upon remittal, a substitute Acting Justice replaced the prior Acting Justice, who had retired. The new Acting Justice did not hold a hearing; instead, he determined that his role was "to review the transcripts ... and the findings of fact and make ... a legal determination on the validity of ... the frisk and whether there [were] any exclusionary rule exceptions that appl[ied]." We conclude that the substitute Acting Justice properly found the frisk to be lawful.

Contrary to defendant's contention, the substitute Acting Justice did not violate Judiciary Law § 21 in rendering his decision. That statute prohibits a trial level judge from deciding or taking part in decisions or questions, argued orally in court, when the judge "was not present and sitting therein as a judge." It does not, however, "bar a substitute judge from deciding a question of law presented in a motion argued orally before another judge so long as a transcript or recording of the prior argument is available for review, and ‘the substitute indicates on the record the requisite familiarity with the proceedings and no undue prejudice occurs to the defendant or the People’ " ( People v. Hampton , 21 N.Y.3d 277, 279, 970 N.Y.S.2d 716, 992 N.E.2d 1059 [2013] ). Here, the substitute Acting Justice followed the procedure outlined in Hampton and made a legal determination based on the facts presented to the original Acting Justice (see People v. Massey , 173 A.D.3d 1801, 1804, 105 N.Y.S.3d 637 [4th Dept. 2019] ; see generally Hampton , 21 N.Y.3d at 285, 970 N.Y.S.2d 716, 992 N.E.2d 1059 ).

We further conclude that the court properly determined that the officer had "knowledge of some fact or circumstance that support[ed] a reasonable suspicion that [defendant was] armed or pose[d] a threat to safety" ( People v. Batista , 88 N.Y.2d 650, 654, 649 N.Y.S.2d 356, 672 N.E.2d 581 [1996] ; see People v. Daniels , 103 A.D.3d 1204, 1204, 962 N.Y.S.2d 522 [4th Dept. 2013], lv denied 22 N.Y.3d 1137, 983 N.Y.S.2d 496, 6 N.E.3d 615 [2014] ; People v. Goodson , 85 A.D.3d 1569, 1570, 924 N.Y.S.2d 875 [4th Dept. 2011], lv denied 17 N.Y.3d 953, 936 N.Y.S.2d 79, 959 N.E.2d 1028 [2011] ). Defendant's vehicle stopped at a suspected drug house, and an occupant entered and exited that house quickly, which was indicative of a drug transaction. Defendant does not dispute that his vehicle was then lawfully stopped for vehicle and traffic violations. Upon approaching the stopped vehicle, the arresting officer "immediately noticed in the driver side mirror that the driver was aggressively moving around in the seat." In the officer's opinion, "[i]t looked like [the driver] was reaching behind him." Based on the officer's experience, "when you're seeing somebody moving around like that, you cautiously approach because you don't know what they're doing ... A lot of times when they're doing that, they're trying to locate a weapon."

Inasmuch as "[i]t is well known that violence is typically associated with narcotics trafficking" ( People v. Woolnough , 180 A.D.2d 837, 839, 580 N.Y.S.2d 776 [2d Dept. 1992], lv denied 79 N.Y.2d 1056, 584 N.Y.S.2d 1024, 596 N.E.2d 422 [1992] ) and that weapons are "commonly associated with drug transactions" ( People v. Contrero , 232 A.D.2d 213, 214, 647 N.Y.S.2d 775 [1st Dept. 1996], lv denied 89 N.Y.2d 1090, 660 N.Y.S.2d 384, 682 N.E.2d 985 [1997] ; see People v. Broadie , 37 N.Y.2d 100, 112-113, 371 N.Y.S.2d 471, 332 N.E.2d 338 [1975], cert denied 423 U.S. 950, 96 S.Ct. 372, 46 L.Ed.2d 287 [1975] ), we conclude that the officer's observations combined with his knowledge that defendant was coming from a suspected drug transaction were sufficient to establish "a reasonable suspicion that [defendant was] armed or pose[d] a threat to safety" ( Batista , 88 N.Y.2d at 654, 649 N.Y.S.2d 356, 672 N.E.2d 581 ; see People v. Carter , 109 A.D.3d 1188, 1189, 971 N.Y.S.2d 722 [4th Dept. 2013], lv denied 22 N.Y.3d 1087, 981 N.Y.S.2d 673, 4 N.E.3d 975 [2014] ; Daniels , 103 A.D.3d at 1205, 962 N.Y.S.2d 522 ; cf. People v. Ford , 145 A.D.3d 1454, 1455, 45 N.Y.S.3d 720 [4th Dept. 2016], lv denied 29 N.Y.3d 997, 57 N.Y.S.3d 718, 80 N.E.3d 411 [2017] ).

Finally, defendant contends that he was improperly sentenced as a second felony offender for three reasons, i.e., because the People failed to comply with the procedures set forth in CPL 400.21 by failing to file a predicate felony statement; because the court's response to defendant's challenges to the predicate conviction was insufficient and failed to comply with CPL 400.21 ; and because the court failed to make an express finding that the predicate felony was a violent felony pursuant to CPL 400.21 (7) (c).

With respect to the first reason, we conclude that defendant's contention is not preserved for our review inasmuch as defendant failed to object to the absence of a predicate felony statement (see People v. Rohadfox , 175 A.D.3d 1813, 1815, 109 N.Y.S.3d 537 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 34 N.Y.3d 1019, 114 N.Y.S.3d 743, 138 N.E.3d 472 [2019] ; People v. Mateo , 53 A.D.3d 1111, 1112, 861 N.Y.S.2d 904 [4th Dept. 2008], lv denied 11 N.Y.3d 791, 866 N.Y.S.2d 617, 896 N.E.2d 103 [2008] ). In any event, he waived that contention when he admitted the prior felony conviction in open court (see People v. Butler , 96 A.D.3d 1367, 1368, 946 N.Y.S.2d 343 [4th Dept. 2012], lv denied 20 N.Y.3d 931, 957 N.Y.S.2d 691, 981 N.E.2d 288 [2012] ; People v. Harris , 233 A.D.2d 959, 959, 649 N.Y.S.2d 584 [4th Dept. 1996], lv denied 89 N.Y.2d 1094, 660 N.Y.S.2d 388, 682 N.E.2d 989 [1997] ).

With respect to the second reason, we conclude that the court was not required to conduct a hearing because defendant was previously adjudicated to be a predicate felon, a finding that we affirmed on appeal ( People v. Grimes , 133 A.D.3d 1201, 1203, 20 N.Y.S.3d 261 [4th Dept. 2015] ) and that is binding upon defendant here (see CPL 400.21 [8] ; People v. Christian , 229 A.D.2d 991,...