People v. Mallory

• Decision Date: 03 October 2014
• Docket Number: 977 KA 12-02072.
• Citation: 121 A.D.3d 1566,2014 N.Y. Slip Op. 06728,993 N.Y.S.2d 609
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Derick MALLORY, Defendant–Appellant.
• Court: New York Supreme Court — Appellate Division

121 A.D.3d 1566

993 N.Y.S.2d 609

2014 N.Y. Slip Op. 06728

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent

v.Derick MALLORY, Defendant–Appellant.

977 KA 12-02072.

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department, New York.

Oct. 3, 2014.

The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Karen C. Russo–McLaughlin of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant.

Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Nicholas T. Texido of Counsel), for Respondent.

PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., PERADOTTO, CARNI, and VALENTINO, JJ.

OpinionMEMORANDUM:

On appeal from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of, inter alia, robbery in the first degree (Penal Law § 160.15 [4 ] ), defendant contends that Supreme Court erred in permitting the prosecutor to exercise peremptory challenges to exclude two black prospective jurors. We agree. Pursuant to Batson and its progeny, “the party claiming discriminatory use of peremptories must first make out a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination by showing that the facts and circumstances of the voir dire raise an inference that the other party excused one or more [prospective] jurors for an impermissible reason ... Once a prima facie showing of discrimination is made, the nonmovant must come forward with a race-neutral explanation for each challenged peremptory—step two ... The third step of the Batson inquiry requires the trial court to make an ultimate determination on the issue of discriminatory intent based on all of the facts and circumstances presented” (People v. Smocum, 99 N.Y.2d 418, 421–422, 757 N.Y.S.2d 239, 786 N.E.2d 1275 ; see People v. James, 99 N.Y.2d 264, 270–271, 755 N.Y.S.2d 43, 784 N.E.2d 1152 ).

As the People correctly concede, because the court asked the prosecutor to place his race-neutral reasons for challenging the two prospective jurors on the record, the sufficiency of defendant's prima facie showing under step one of the Batson analysis is moot (see People v. Hecker, 15 N.Y.3d 625, 652, 917 N.Y.S.2d 39, 942 N.E.2d 248 ; People v. Baxter, 108 A.D.3d 1158, 1159, 969 N.Y.S.2d 678 ). With respect to step two of the analysis, we conclude that the People failed to meet their burden of setting forth a “race-neutral reason” for striking the challenged prospective jurors (Hecker, 15 N.Y.3d at 656, 917 N.Y.S.2d 39, 942 N.E.2d 248 ; see Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 98, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 ; People v. Duncan, 177 A.D.2d 187, 193–195, 582 N.Y.S.2d 847, lv. denied 79 N.Y.2d 1048, 584 N.Y.S.2d 1016, 596 N.E.2d 414 ). “A race-neutral reason naturally ‘means an explanation based on something other than the race of the [prospective] juror’ ” (Hecker, 15 N.Y.3d at 655, 917 N.Y.S.2d 39, 942 N.E.2d 248, quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 360, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 ), and must be “related to the particular case to be tried” (Batson, 476 U.S. at 98, 106 S.Ct. 1712 ; see Duncan, 177 A.D.2d at 193, 582 N.Y.S.2d 847 ). Although the burden on the nonmoving party at this stage of the analysis is relatively minimal, “[a] prosecutor's explanation may not be sustained where discriminatory intent is inherent in the explanation” (Splunge v. Clark, 960 F.2d 705, 709 ; see People v. Allen, 86 N.Y.2d 101, 110, 629 N.Y.S.2d 1003, 653 N.E.2d 1173 ).

Here, the People excluded the two prospective jurors at issue solely based upon their answers to a race-based question, i.e., whether they believed that police officers “unfairly target members of the minority community” (see Splunge, 960 F.2d at 707–708 ; Turnbull v. State of Florida, 959 So.2d 275, 276–277, review denied 969 So.2d 1015 ). Notably, that question was unrelated to the facts of this case, which does not involve any allegation of racial profiling (see Batson, 476 U.S. at 98, 106 S.Ct. 1712 ; Turnbull, 959 So.2d at 277 ; see also People v. Pierrot, 289 A.D.2d 511, 512, 735 N.Y.S.2d 589 ). We are unpersuaded by the People's assertion that the question was “designed to ensure that the jurors would not automatically accept or reject police testimony.” “[T]here are many perfectly acceptable questions that attorneys may ask to determine the prospective jurors' feelings about police officers” (Turnbull, 959 So.2d at 277 ) and, here, both the court and the prosecutor asked numerous race-neutral questions intended to ensure that the prospective jurors would fairly assess the testimony of police witnesses. Moreover, the prosecutor directed the objectionable question only to the black prospective jurors and not to their white counterparts (see Miller–El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 261, 125 S.Ct. 2317, 162 L.Ed.2d 196 ; cf. United States ex rel. Flores v. Page, 1998 WL 42279, *8–9 [N.D.Ill.] ). Although the prosecutor initially addressed the question to the entire panel, he singled out the three black prospective jurors for individual questioning when no one responded to his group question. The prosecutor did not follow up with any of the white prospective jurors (see Miller–El, 545 U.S. at 256, 261, 125 S.Ct. 2317 ; cf. United States v. Steele, 298 F.3d 906, 913–914,cert. denied 537 U.S. 1096, 123 S.Ct. 710, 154 L.Ed.2d 646 ). In addition, the prosecutor explicitly referenced race in explaining his reasons for challenging one of the prospective jurors. The first prospective juror responded to the prosecutor's question by stating her belief that “ [s]ometimes” police officers unfairly target minorities. The prosecutor told the court that the prospective juror was not “a suitable juror for this case” because “she believes that police sometimes single out minorities and I have Caucasian police officers that are going to be taking the stand.”

Even assuming, arguendo,...