People v. Roddy

• Citation: 188 Colo. 55,532 P.2d 958
• Decision Date: 10 March 1975
• Docket Number: No. 26533,26533
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John C. RODDY, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: Supreme Court of Colorado

Page 958

532 P.2d 958

188 Colo. 55

The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John C. RODDY, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 26533.

Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.

March 10, 1975.

Dale Tooley, Dist. Atty., Second Judicial Dist., Brooke Wunnicke, Chief Appellate Deputy Dist. Atty., Denver, for plaintiff-appellant.

Felix D. Lepore, Denver, for defendant-appellee.

KELLEY, Justice.

This is an interlocutory appeal by the district attorney from an order of the Denver District Court granting defendant's motion to suppress certain narcotics and dangerous drugs seized during a search of the defendant's car. We reverse.

On March 16, 1974, at approximately 3:00 a.m. in the City and County of Denver, the defendant, John C. Roddy, was observed by a member of the Denver Police Department in violation of a traffic ordinance. Rather than heeding the police signals to stop, the defendant fled at a high rate of speed. The subsequent vehicular chase reached speeds in excess of 110 miles per hour. During the course of the chase and while still in the City of Denver, Officer Spickard of the Denver Police Department unsuccessfully attempted to stop the defendant by pulling his police cruiser in front of the defendant's car. Officer Spickard joined the pursuit which finally ended in the City of Aurora where the defendant was arrested. Officer Spickard was the second pursuit car on the scene of the arrest and remained with the defendant's car while the other police officers took the defendant and his passenger to Aurora Police Department for booking.

Officer Spickard summoned a private tow truck to take the defendant's car to an impound lot. While waiting for the arrival of the tow truck, Officer Spickard made an inventory of the defendant's automobile pursuant to police department regulations. The officer testified that it was standard procedure to inventory the contents of an automobile, under the circumstances, for the purpose of protecting the property of the vehicle's owner as well as the custodian. In plain view were a gun case and a bank money bag lying on the floor on the driver's side half way between the seat and the pedals. Officer Spickard opened the gun case in order to record the gun's registration number and opened the bank bag to determine whether it contained money, and if so, to count it. Instead of finding money, Officer Spickard found what he believed to be a quantity of marijuana. Officer Spickard continued the inventory procedure during which he located a bottle of white tablets in the unlocked glove compartment. These tablets were later determined to be amphetamines. The officer gathered numerous objects from the rear seat of the vehicle including a leather coat labeled with the defendant's name. While checking the coat pockets for valuables, Officer Spickard discovered marijuana debris. The final step of the inventory procedure was to check the trunk to determine whether there was a spare rim and tire and to list any other items of personal property. When Officer Spickard opened the trunk of the automobile he observed an open grocery bag containing marijuana.

An information was filed against the defendant charging him with felonious possession of a narcotic and possession of a dangerous drug. C.R.S.1963, 48--5--2 ¹ and 1971 Perm.Supp., C.R.S.1963, 48--8--2. ² The defendant pled not guilty to both counts. Prior to trial the defendant moved the court to suppress the evidence seized from his car alleging that it had been taken during the course of an unlawful exploratory search. An evidentiary hearing was held and the defendant's motion was granted, the trial court relying on People v. Grana, Colo. 527 P.2d 543 (1974). We reverse.

It is apparent from the trial judge's remarks during the suppression hearing and from his ruling on the motion to suppress that the different results which obtained in Grana and in People v. Trusty, Colo., 516 P.2d 423 (1973) were confusing. Also, that Grana, being the last expression on the subject, was controlling. The circumstances in the two cases were sufficiently dissimilar to dictate different results. The circumstances here are more akin to Trusty and it is controlling here.

The trial court's confusion is not surprising. Courts generally have found it difficult to maintain that consistency in this area of the law which is the hallmark of normalcy in other areas of the law. In Trusty we approved inventory searches, relying on Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 93 S.Ct. 2523, 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) and the cases cited therein. For an analysis of the leading cases on inventory searches, holding that, under certain circumstances, inventory searches are not unreasonable, see the discussion of Mr. Justice Lee in Trusty.

In Grana, unlike Trusty, the police officer attempted to justify his search of the vehicle on the ground that it was incident to the arrest of the defendant as in Preston v. United States, 376 U.S. 364, 84 S.Ct. 881, 11 L.Ed.2d 777 (1964). We felt that the search, under the circumstances of that case, exceeded the bounds of reasonableness. We recognized, however, that:

'The rationale of these cases is that an inventory of property found in an impounded vehicle is not an unreasonable search. Such a search is supported by the legitimate police concern of protecting property in their custody, . . .. These searches are reasonable, because the police are not engaged in ferreting out criminal activity, but are engaged in what is most accurately characterized as an incident of a 'caretaking' activity. Thus, if while engaged in such an activity they discover evidence in 'plain view,' it need not be excluded at a subsequent trial. People v. Trusty, Supra.'

In the instant case the police pursued and arrested the defendant without any indication or suspicion that he possessed quantities of contraband. This is similar to the situation in Trusty. The search was an inventory search from the outset. Officer Spickard, after the defendant and his passenger were arrested and left with the other officers for the police station to be booked for various traffic violations, had the responsibility of arranging to have the car impounded.

Denver Police Department regulations provide that when drivers are arrested,

'the officer will tow the car to the City Car Pound unless the driver is mentally capable and authorizes a responsible individual at the scene to take custody of the vehicle.

'The security of the vehicle and contents become the responsibility of the Police Department whenever removed from the owner's control.

'Officers shall make out a Vehicle Disposition Report Form #224 for each vehicle towed and shall list all articles left in the vehicle. They shall sign the report in the presence of the tow car driver who shall acknowledge same by his signature. Only spare tires, jacks, chains, etc., shall be left in any vehicle being towed to the Car Pound.

'All articles such as clothing, blankets, cameras, hand tools and other personal property shall be removed, inventoried and then delivered to the Property Bureau for safekeeping . . ..'

The United States Supreme Court before Dombrowski sanctioned inventory searches. In Harris v. United States, 390 U.S. 234, 88 S.Ct. 992, 19 L.Ed.2d 1067 (1968), where evidence was...