People v. Savedra, 95SA289

• Decision Date: 11 December 1995
• Docket Number: No. 95SA289,95SA289
• Citation: 907 P.2d 596
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Barney SAVEDRA, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: Colorado Supreme Court

Page 596

907 P.2d 596

64 USLW 2463

The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Barney SAVEDRA, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 95SA289.

Supreme Court of Colorado En Banc.

Dec. 11, 1995.

Alexander M. Hunter, District Attorney, Twentieth Judicial District, William F. Nagel, Appellate Deputy District Attorney, Boulder, for plaintiff-appellant.

David F. Vela, Colorado State Public Defender, John L. Lucas, Deputy State Public Defender, Boulder, for defendant-appellee.

Justice KOURLIS delivered the Opinion of the Court.

This is an interlocutory appeal pursuant to C.A.R. 4.1. The People challenge a trial court order suppressing cocaine obtained during a search of defendant Barney Savedra's truck. The search took place shortly after Savedra had been arrested. The trial court determined that the passenger compartment of the truck was not within Savedra's immediate control at the time of the arrest, and therefore, suppressed the cocaine. We hold that, because Savedra had exited the truck immediately prior to contact with the police officer and indirect police contact had occurred before Savedra left the truck, the police officer was entitled to search the truck under New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 2860, 69 L.Ed.2d 768 (1981). Therefore, we reverse the trial court's order of suppression and remand the case for trial.

I.

Officer William Thomas was looking for a suspect by the name of Joe Chavez, who was wanted on several outstanding warrants. He had a general description of Chavez and the address of the apartment complex where Chavez lived. As he entered the parking lot of the apartment complex on April 3, 1995, he noticed two men seated in a truck that was backed into a parking space. The two men exited the truck immediately upon the officer's entry into the parking lot. The officer pulled up slightly in front of and perpendicular to the truck and stopped. The officer made contact with the two men in the area in front of the truck, and because one of the men resembled the description of Joe Chavez, he asked them for identification. Both men gave him Colorado identification cards. Neither identification card identified its holder as Joe Chavez. However, because the officer's experience indicated that people who use identification cards often do not have a driver's license, the officer asked the driver of the truck if his license was under suspension. The driver, Barney Savedra, responded that his license was under a restriction and that he had no insurance. The officer then took both identification cards back to his patrol car and checked both names through the computer. He learned that there was an outstanding traffic warrant for the arrest of Savedra, and that Savedra's license had been revoked. He returned to where the two men were standing and arrested Savedra for traffic offenses. The passage of time from the point at which the officer pulled into the parking lot to the time of the arrest was approximately five minutes.

Savedra was handcuffed and placed in the back seat of the patrol car. Savedra told the officer that he had recently completed a prison sentence for a felony conviction. He also requested permission from the officer to ask his companion to call his wife so that she could take care of the truck, particularly some auto parts in it that concerned him. Officer Thomas allowed the passenger to approach Savedra to discuss arrangements for the truck.

While Savedra and the passenger were talking, Officer Thomas walked over to the truck to "do a quick search of the truck incident to arrest." He looked under the driver's seat of the truck where Savedra had been sitting and located a zip lock plastic baggie containing nine smaller baggies with a white powder substance in them. The white powder eventually tested positive for cocaine.

Savedra was charged with Possession of a Schedule II Controlled Substance with Intent to Sell in violation of § 18-18-405, 8B C.R.S. (1995 Supp.), a class 3 felony. He was also charged with Driving after Judgment Prohibited and various traffic offenses that were later dismissed.

Savedra moved to suppress statements made and evidence seized at the scene of the arrest on three grounds: (i) that the stop was unconstitutional; (ii) that his statements were made in response to custodial interrogation without advisement of rights; and (iii) that the search of the truck was not within any exception to the warrant requirement. The trial court denied the motions on the first two grounds, but granted the motion to suppress the cocaine on the basis that the search was undertaken without a warrant and did not fall within the New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 2860, 69 L.Ed.2d 768 (1981), exception to the warrant requirement because the officer did not initiate contact with Savedra while he was still in the truck. The people appealed the trial court's suppression order to this court under C.A.R. 4.1 and we now reverse.

II.

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article II, section 7 of the Colorado Constitution proscribe unreasonable searches and seizures by state officials. United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113, 104 S.Ct. 1652, 1656, 80 L.Ed.2d 85 (1984); People v. Brewer, 690 P.2d 860, 862 (Colo.1984). Thus, warrantless searches are per se unreasonable unless they fall under a specifically established and well delineated exception. Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 390, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 2412, 57 L.Ed.2d 290 (1978); People v. McMillon, 892 P.2d 879, 882 (Colo.1995). One such exception is that a police officer may search the area within the immediate control of an arrestee. Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 763, 89 S.Ct. 2034, 2040, 23 L.Ed.2d 685 (1969); People v. Hufnagel, 745 P.2d 242, 245, 247 (Colo.1987). In New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. at 460, 101 S.Ct. at 2864, the Supreme Court established a related exception to the warrant requirement. It held that when the police make a lawful custodial arrest of the occupant of an automobile, the police may conduct a contemporaneous search of the passenger compartment of that automobile. Colorado has adopted the warrant exception articulated in Belton. See People v. Aguilar, 897 P.2d 84, 86 (Colo.1995); and McMillon, 892 P.2d at 884-85.

The Belton standard was developed in response to the need for a workable, straightforward rule that police could apply in searching an automobile passenger compartment after making a custodial arrest of an occupant or recent occupant of that automobile. Belton, 453 U.S. at 460, 101 S.Ct. at 2864. In setting out the rule, the Court noted that the police were confused about what parts of the automobile were in the actual reach of an arrestee under the Chimel standard. Belton created a "bright line rule" defining the passenger compartment of an automobile as being within the hypothetical immediate control of an occupant or recent occupant of the vehicle. Id. ¹

Belton applies only when there has been a lawful custodial arrest of the occupant of a vehicle. 3 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 7.1(b), at 5 (2d ed. 1987). Therefore, the inquiry mandated by Belton is twofold: (i) whether there has been a lawful custodial arrest; and (ii) whether the person arrested was the occupant of the vehicle.

In this case, there is no argument about the defendant's lawful arrest on an outstanding warrant. Hence, here, as in many other cases dealing with these issues, we must turn our analysis to whether Savedra was an occupant of the vehicle for purposes of the Belton test.

Neither party argues that the person must actually be inside the vehicle at the time of the arrest. In Belton itself, the defendant was not inside the car at the time of the arrest, but instead had been directed to exit the car shortly before being arrested. Belton, 453 U.S. at 456, 101 S.Ct. at 2862. Thus, Belton clearly applies to the many situations in which the police, for a variety of reasons, ask the suspects to exit the car before arresting them. In fact the Belton court used both the terms "occupants" and "recent occupant" in explaining its holding. Id. at 460, 101 S.Ct. at 2864. Instead, the issue here is the scope of the terms "occupant" and "recent occupant"; specifically, whether the Belton rule applies when the arrestee has exited the car immediately before physical contact with police is made.

Savedra argues that Belton is limited to those instances where the police actually order the defendant out of the vehicle. We do not agree. Instead, we find that Belton can include situations where the occupant of a vehicle anticipates police contact and exits the vehicle immediately before that contact occurs. In reaching this conclusion we do not hold that Belton insulates from inquiry every search incident to a custodial arrest of a recent occupant of a vehicle, but only that under the facts presented in this case, the warrantless search was legal.

A.

The issue of temporal proximity between the police encounter and the defendant's presence in the vehicle is the main factor courts consider in determining whether a person is a recent occupant of a vehicle for purposes of Belton. Where the defendant has been outside of the car for a substantial period of time, many courts have found that a search of the vehicle under Belton is no longer valid. See, e.g., Gauldin v. State, 683 S.W.2d 411, 414 (Tex.Crim.App.1984) (holding Belton inapplicable because defendant was not recent occupant of truck where defendant had parked truck and was sitting inside restaurant at bar when confronted by police); State v. Vanderhorst, 419 So.2d 762, 764 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982) (finding defendant no longer a recent occupant where he had left car, walked three miles home, requested a ride back to the car and was attempting to rescue the car when police arrived). However, courts have found a person to be a recent occupant where police come upon the scene immediately after the suspect has left the car. See ...