People v. Stevenson
| Decision Date | 07 July 1972 |
| Citation | 31 N.Y.2d 108,335 N.Y.S.2d 52,286 N.E.2d 445 |
| Parties | , 286 N.E.2d 445 The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Robert Louis STEVENSON, Appellant. |
| Court | New York Court of Appeals Court of Appeals |
Gretchen White Oberman, New York City, for appellant.
Frank S. Hogan, Dist. Atty. (Gerald E. Loehr and Michael R. Juviler, New York City, of counsel), for respondent.
Paul G. Chevigny, New York City, for New York Civil Liberties Union, amicus curiae.
Defendant was charged by indictment with the crimes of possession of a weapon as a felony, assault in the second degree, resisting arrest and inciting to riot. He was convicted, after a jury trial, of resisting arrest (Penal Law, § 205.30) and harassment (Penal Law, § 240.25), submitted to the jury as a lesser included crime of assault. 1
On this appeal, we are asked to pass on the question whether, upon the record below, the trial court erred in refusing a requested charge that self-defense is a defense to the crimes of assault second degree and resisting arrest.
All of the charges against the defendant stemmed from a fracas which occurred on Sunday, July 6, 1969, at about eight o'clock in the evening, at 125th Street and Park Avenue, in Manhattan. Police Officer Davis testified that he was on foot patrol in uniform in the area when he heard the blowing of automobile horns emanating from the intersection. Upon reaching the intersection, he observed that a 1964 Chevrolet was parked in the eastbound traffic lane of 125th Street under the New York Central Railroad overpass and it 'created a whole traffic jam there' as eastbound traffic tried to use the westbound lane to go around the illegally parked Chevrolet. The officer approached the vehicle from behind, noticing that the registration on the license plate had expired two months earlier. He then walked to the door of the driver's side and noticed that no one was sitting in the driver's seat, but that there were two passengers in the car. Davis asked the passengers who the driver was and his whereabouts, but received no reply. As he reached into the car to remove the ignition key, he was pushed from behind and fell against the car. He turned and saw the defendant standing alongside him. Thereupon the defendant said, Whereupon Officer Davis 'told the defendant that he was under arrest for harassment.' As the officer started towards this defendant to make the arrest, the defendant, backing up, said, 'no, no, no', and 'started throwing both hands, closed fists, swinging both hands.' A scuffle ensued during which Officer Davis was shoved into the car and bumped 'backwards and forwards against the car', while attempting to 'grab the defendant and hold him.' Finally, after assistance arrived, the defendant was handcuffed and removed to the precinct station, still 'shouting, screaming and trying to break away.' In addition to Officer Davis, the prosecution called four other police officers who were present at the scene of the arrest at various times and one ballistics expert.
The defendant testified in his own behalf that he had borrowed the 1964 Chevrolet in order to perform an errand and was not aware that a pistol was in the glove compartment. While performing the errand, defendant was driving unlicensed and had no registration for the vehicle. At 125th Street and Park Avenue, he stopped to get frank-furters and a drink for his two passengers. When he returned with the food, he noticed Officer Davis leaning inside the car. The officer asked for his license and registration and He then noticed two other police officers approaching the scene with one of the officers wielding his 'stick'. Afraid that he was going to be beaten, he grabbed Officer Davis by the shoulders and swung him around so that he was between him and the oncoming officers. 'Please don't let them hit me,' he told Davis. 'If there is something wrong, I'll go with you but don't let them hit me.' He stated he never punched or kicked any of the officers, but that he was kicked and hit. After several other officers had joined the fracas, he was taken to the precinct house. He had been unaware that a large crowd had collected, although he had been shouting for help during the fight.
Defendant contends that the trial court's instructions as to the defense of justification were inadequate to define his rights of resistance.
We cannot agree. The court adequately instructed the jury as to the elements of resisting arrest pursuant to section 205.30 of the Penal Law--'A person is guilty of resisting arrest when he intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a peace officer from effecting an authorized arrest of himself or another person.' In charging the jury, the court gave a careful and detailed explanation of the specific intent necessary for a conviction. Further, the court instructed the jury that the People must also establish that the arrest be lawful and that the crime of resisting arrest does not occur if the arrest is illegal or unlawful. The court's instructions set forth this element in its description of the resisting arrest count, and in its reading of section 205.30 of the Penal Law. Thus, the court gave two bases for a lawful arrest--either a motor vehicle crime or a physical aggression against the officer.
We conclude that the court's treatment of the offense of resisting arrest was adequate and fair.
Turning now to the issue of whether the court's instructions relating to defendant's rights of resistance were adequate (Penal Law § 38.15) 2, there can be no cavil with the proposition that a citizen may use reasonable force in self-defense where the force exerted by the police in effecting an arrest is excessive. (Penal Law, § 35.15; People v. Sanza, 37 A.D.2d 632, ...
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