People v. Thurmond

• Decision Date: 23 November 2022
• Docket Number: 2021–01565
• Citation: 210 A.D.3d 1022,179 N.Y.S.3d 279
• Parties: PEOPLE of State of New York, respondent, v. Kevin W. THURMOND, appellant.
• Court: New York Supreme Court — Appellate Division

210 A.D.3d 1022

179 N.Y.S.3d 279

PEOPLE of State of New York, respondent,

v.Kevin W. THURMOND, appellant.

2021–01565

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department, New York.

Submitted—October 17, 2022

November 23, 2022

Patricia Pazner, New York, NY (William Kastin of counsel), for appellant.

Eric Gonzalez, District Attorney, Brooklyn, NY (Leonard Joblove and Jean M. Joyce of counsel; Andrew Holloway on the brief), for respondent.

MARK C. DILLON, J.P., LINDA CHRISTOPHER, LARA J. GENOVESI, HELEN VOUTSINAS, JJ.

DECISION & ORDER

Appeal by the defendant from an order of the Supreme Court, Kings County (Guy J. Mangano, Jr., J.), dated February 19, 2021, which, after a hearing, designated him a level three sex offender pursuant to Correction Law article 6–C.

ORDERED that the order is affirmed, without costs or disbursements.

The defendant was convicted, after a jury trial, of attempted rape in the first degree and assault in the second degree. In anticipation of the defendant's release from prison, the Board of Examiners of Sex Offenders (hereinafter the Board) prepared a risk assessment instrument pursuant to the Sex Offender Registration Act (Correction Law art 6–C; hereinafter SORA). The Board assessed the defendant a total of 105 points, which corresponded with a designation as a presumptive level two sex offender. The People requested an upward departure from the Board's recommendation on the basis of the defendant's criminal record and status as a parolee when he committed the offenses. The defendant requested a downward departure based on his age and familial and other reentry support. After a hearing, the Supreme Court denied the defendant's application for a downward departure and granted the People's application for an upward departure based upon the factors raised by the People and on factors not raised by the People or the Board, including the defendant's infractions during incarceration and his targeting of a mentally disabled victim. The defendant appeals.

Under SORA, the Board has developed "guidelines and procedures to assess the risk of a repeat offense by a sex offender and the threat posed to the public safety" ( People v. Gillotti, 23 N.Y.3d 841, 852, 994 N.Y.S.2d 1, 18 N.E.3d 701 [alterations and internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Rodriguez, 196 A.D.3d 43, 48, 148 N.Y.S.3d 247 ; see also Sex Offender Registration Act: Risk Assessment Guidelines and Commentary [2006] [hereinafter Guidelines]). Based on the Guidelines, the Board makes a " ‘recommendation’ regarding the offender's risk level classification" ( People v. Gillotti, 23 N.Y.3d at 852, 994 N.Y.S.2d 1, 18 N.E.3d 701, quoting Correction Law § 168–l[6] ; see People v. Rodriguez, 196 A.D.3d at 48, 148 N.Y.S.3d 247 ). " ‘Applying the guidelines,’ a reviewing court at a SORA hearing must determine the offender's risk level classification by either accepting the Board's recommendation or rejecting that recommendation in favor of a different risk level classification supported by the evidence presented at the hearing" ( People v. Gillotti, 23 N.Y.3d at 852, 994 N.Y.S.2d 1, 18 N.E.3d 701, quoting Correction Law § 168–n[2], [3] [alterations omitted]).

A reviewing court's departure from the presumptive risk level is generally the exception, not the rule (see People v. Howard, 27 N.Y.3d 337, 341, 33 N.Y.S.3d 132, 52 N.E.3d 1158 ; People v. Johnson, 11 N.Y.3d 416, 421, 872 N.Y.S.2d 379, 900 N.E.2d 930 ; People v. Rodriguez, 196 A.D.3d at 48, 148 N.Y.S.3d 247 ). "An upward departure from a presumptive risk classification is permitted when an aggravating factor exists that is not otherwise adequately taken into account by the risk assessment guidelines and the court finds that such factor is supported by clear and convincing evidence" ( People v. Rodriguez, 202 A.D.3d 1114, 1115, 163 N.Y.S.3d 252 ). Therefore, the court must first "determine whether the aggravating circumstances alleged to show a higher likelihood of the defendant's reoffense are, as a matter of law, of a kind or to a degree not adequately taken into account by the SORA guidelines" ( People v. Paul, 168 A.D.3d 1004, 1005, 92 N.Y.S.3d 104 ; see People v. Gillotti, 23 N.Y.3d at 861, 994 N.Y.S.2d 1, 18 N.E.3d 701 ; People v. Rodriguez, 196 A.D.3d at 48–49, 148 N.Y.S.3d 247 ; People v. McKenna, 186 A.D.3d 1542, 1543, 130 N.Y.S.3d 86 ). "Next, the court must determine whether the People have established, by clear and convincing evidence, the actual existence of the aggravating factors in the particular case before the court" ( People v. Rodriguez, 196 A.D.3d at 49, 148 N.Y.S.3d 247, citing Correction Law § 168–n[3], People v. Gillotti, 23 N.Y.3d at 861–862, 994 N.Y.S.2d 1, 18 N.E.3d 701 ). "When the People have met this burden, the court must then ‘exercise its discretion by weighing the aggravating and [any] mitigating factors to determine whether the totality of the circumstances warrants a departure to avoid an ... under-assessment of the defendant's dangerousness and risk of sexual recidivism’ " ( People v. Paul, 168 A.D.3d at 1005, 92 N.Y.S.3d 104, quoting People v. Gillotti, 23 N.Y.3d at 861, 994 N.Y.S.2d 1, 18 N.E.3d 701 ; see People v. McKenna, 186 A.D.3d at 1543, 130 N.Y.S.3d 86 ).

By contrast, "[a] defendant seeking a downward departure from the presumptive risk level has the initial burden of ‘(1) identifying, as a matter of law, an appropriate mitigating factor, namely, a factor which tends to establish a lower likelihood of reoffense or danger to the community and is of a kind, or to a degree, that is otherwise not adequately taken into account by the Guidelines; and (2) establishing the facts in support of its existence by a preponderance of the evidence’ " ( People v. Ciccarello, 187 A.D.3d 1224, 1226, 133 N.Y.S.3d 604, quoting People v. Wyatt, 89 A.D.3d 112, 128, 931 N.Y.S.2d 85 ). "If the defendant makes that twofold showing, the court must exercise its discretion by weighing the mitigating factor [or factors] to determine whether the totality of the circumstances warrants a departure to avoid an overassessment of the defendant's dangerousness and risk of sexual recidivism" ( People v. Young, 186 A.D.3d 1546, 1548, 129 N.Y.S.3d 490, citing People v. Gillotti, 23 N.Y.3d at 861, 994 N.Y.S.2d 1, 18 N.E.3d 701, People v. Champagne, 140 A.D.3d 719, 720, 31 N.Y.S.3d 218 ).

" ‘The due process guarantees in the United States and New York Constitutions require that a defendant be afforded notice of the hearing to determine his or her risk level pursuant to SORA and a meaningful opportunity to respond to the risk level assessment’ " ( People v. Montufar–Tez, 195 A.D.3d 1052, 1053, 146 N.Y.S.3d 791, quoting People v. Wilke, 181 A.D.3d 1324, 1325, 119 N.Y.S.3d 794 ).

"[A] court's sua sponte departure from the Board's recommendation at the [SORA] hearing, without prior notice, deprives the defendant of a meaningful opportunity to respond" ( People v. Montufar–Tez, 195 A.D.3d at 1053, 146 N.Y.S.3d 791 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Segura, 136 A.D.3d 496, 497, 26 N.Y.S.3d 7 ). Thus, it is improper for a court to depart from the presumptive risk level based on "grounds for departure [that] had never been raised" ( People v. Manougian, 132 A.D.3d 746, 747, 17 N.Y.S.3d 507 ; see People v. Wilke, 181 A.D.3d at 1325, 119 N.Y.S.3d 794 ).

Here, it was error for the Supreme Court to consider aggravating factors which were not raised by the People or by the Board, namely,...