People v. Wood

• Decision Date: 19 December 1985
• Citation: 497 N.Y.S.2d 340,488 N.E.2d 86,66 N.Y.2d 374
• Parties: , 488 N.E.2d 86 The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Bruce WOOD, Appellant.
• Court: New York Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

Page 340

497 N.Y.S.2d 340

66 N.Y.2d 374, 488 N.E.2d 86

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Bruce WOOD, Appellant.

Court of Appeals of New York.

Dec. 19, 1985.

John B. Garrity, Jr., Public Defender (Samuel Collins, Poughkeepsie, of counsel), for appellant.

William V. Grady, Dist. Atty. (Joan H. McCarthy, Poughkeepsie, of counsel), for respondent.

OPINION OF THE COURT

WACHTLER, Chief Judge.

On this appeal, we must determine whether the prosecutor's questioning of the primary defense witness about his religious beliefs and his decision to affirm, rather than swear, to the truth of his testimony constitutes reversible error. While we decline to hold that such questioning constitutes error per se, we hold that, except under extraordinary circumstances, it must be deemed sufficiently prejudicial to require a new trial, at least where the trial judge fails to give a prompt and clear corrective instruction.

The defendant was charged with the murder of an acquaintance. After meeting in a bar, they returned to her apartment and engaged in sexual intercourse, after which defendant, according to his own statement to a police officer, "snapped" and began to strangle her with her brassiere. He then took a glass jar filled with pennies and struck her in the head. After realizing the victim was dead, defendant returned to his own apartment and unsuccessfully tried to take his own life. He stated to the officer that there had been no argument or fight, and he did not know why he had killed his victim.

The circumstances of the alleged crime having been established by the defendant's own admission, as well as physical evidence placing him at the scene of the crime, his trial strategy was to establish a reasonable doubt concerning his mental competence. Several witnesses testified to the defendant's previous spontaneously violent behavior and to his responses to various psychological tests. His principal expert was a psychiatrist, Dr. Teich, who concluded that the defendant was suffering from a mental disease or defect at the time he killed the victim and lacked substantial capacity to know or appreciate the nature and consequences of his conduct or that such conduct was wrong. Dr. Teich affirmed, rather than swore, to the truth of his testimony. During the People's cross-examination, the following occurred:

"Q. * * * Now I know that you affirmed your testimony in this case; is that true?

"MR. SAMMARCOCO [defense counsel]: Objection. What does that have to do with anything?

"THE COURT: Overruled.

"MR. SAMMARCO:O: Exception. It has to do with being expert in the field of psychiatry?

"THE COURT:T: Overruled.

"MR. SAMMARCO:O: Exception.

"Q. Did you affirm your testimony in this case?

"A. Yes, I did.

"Q. Would you not swear under oath, swear to God to tell the truth, nothing but the truth? Would you personally not do that?

"A. I affirmed.

"MR. SAMMARCO:O: I'm going to ask the Court to instruct the jury on an affirmation because [the prosecutor] brought it up and it's out of place.

"THE COURT:T: Application denied.

"MR. SAMMARCO:O: Exception.

"Q. Do you believe in God, period?

"A. I would like to complete my description of my affirmation because you asked me a question about swearing.

"As I understand the constitution of this country as a separation of church and state, and here I believe I'm in one of the organs of state, and any inclusion of reference to the church should be separated.

"So, I've chosen to separate it and take a course of action that is a lay course of action and that is to affirm and I do that out of choice."

After denying a defense motion for a mistrial, the trial judge indicated he would "bring it up" in his charge if defense counsel so desired. During the course of his charge, he instructed the jury:

"Dr. Stephen S. Teich, prior to testifying, made an affirmation rather than giving you an oath. An affirmation is, 'a solemn declaration made by a person who conscientiously decline [sic ] taking an oath; is equivalent to an oath and is just as binding; if a person has religious or conscientious scruples against taking an oath, the Notary Public should have the person affirmed. The following is a form of affirmation: You do solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm that the statements made by you are true and correct.'

"The fact that this witness gave an affirmation rather than an oath has no legal consequences as his testimony should be given no less consideration nor [sic ] no more consideration than those witnesses who have given an oath."

The jury rendered a verdict of guilty of murder in the second degree, and the court imposed sentence. A divided Appellate Division affirmed, the majority holding in essence that while the court's permitting the prosecutor to inquire into Dr. Teich's religious beliefs was erroneous, such error was harmless in light of the court's "satisfactory curative instructions" (107 A.D.2d, 830, 831, 484 N.Y.S.2d 671).

There was legally sufficient evidence of the defendant's guilt, including his state of mind at the time of the crime. As noted, defendant's commission of the act was established both directly and circumstantially by his own statement and by physical evidence placing him at the scene when the killing occurred. On rebuttal, the People offered competent expert testimony which, if believed by the jury, established that defendant was suffering from an "explosive personality," but was able to appreciate the nature and consequences of his acts, and that the disorder did not rise to the magnitude of a mental disease or defect. However, that evidence followed Dr. Teich's voluminous testimony to the contrary, presenting the jury with a close question on the issue of defendant's mental state.

Dr. Teich, of course, had a constitutional and statutory right to affirm, rather than swear, to the truth of his testimony. Section 3 of article I of our Constitution provides, in pertinent part, that "no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief". CPLR 2309, applicable in criminal trials as well as civil (CPL 60.10), by its terms contemplates an equivalency between oaths and affirmations.

With limited exceptions not relevant here, any attempt to discredit or otherwise penalize a witness because of his religious beliefs or for the exercise of his right to affirm the truth of his testimony is improper, because those factors are irrelevant to the issue of credibility (Toomey v. Farley, 2 N.Y.2d 71, 82, 156 N.Y.S.2d 840, 138 N.E.2d 221, rearg. denied 2 N.Y.2d 785, 138 N.E.2d 345; Brink v. Stratton, 176 N.Y. 150, 156, 68 N.E. 148 et seq. [opn. by Cullen, J., joined by four members of the court]; People v. De Pasquale, 54 Misc.2d 91, 92, 281 N.Y.S.2d 963, affd. 21 N.Y.2d 715, 287 N.Y.S.2d 679, 234 N.E.2d 702; Richardson, Evidence [Prince 10th ed] § 387; Fisch, New York Evidence § 464 [2d ed] ).

The lower courts of our State, when confronted with such prosecutorial misconduct in criminal trials, have considered it error, but have employed harmless error analysis in determining whether reversal is required (e.g., People v. Valdivia, 108 A.D.2d 885, 886, 485 N.Y.S.2d 580; People v. Connette, 101 A.D.2d 699, 700, 475 N.Y.S.2d 682 [dictum]; cf. People v. Thomas, 91 A.D.2d 857, 858, 458 N.Y.S.2d 383). There appears to be a split among other jurisdictions on the question (compare, People v. Hall, 391 Mich. 175, 182-183, 215 N.W.2d 166; and State v. Thomas, 130 Ariz. 432, 437, 636 P.2d 1214 [per se rule adopted], with Commonwealth v. Mimms, 477 Pa. 553, 558-559, 385 A.2d 334; State v. Estabrook, 162 Or. 476, 91 P.2d 838, 850; and State v. Beal, 199 N.C. 278, 154 S.E. 604 [no per se rule]; see generally, Impeachment of Witness--Religious Belief, Ann., 76 ALR3d 539, §§ 7, 8).

Our own court has been reluctant to hold that any particular error requires reversal without examination into whether actual prejudice to the defendant resulted (e.g., People v. Crimmins, 36 N.Y.2d 230, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787; CPL 470.05[1] ). Generally, the cases have limited findings of fundamental error to violations of a clear constitutional or statutory command (e.g., People v. Jones, 47 N.Y.2d 409, 418 N.Y.S.2d 359, 391 N.E.2d 1335, cert. denied 444 U.S. 946, 100 S.Ct. 307, 62 L.Ed.2d 315 [violation of right to public trial per se error]; and People v. Britt, 43 N.Y.2d 111, 400 N.Y.S.2d 785, 371 N.E.2d 504 [refusal to charge that no adverse inference may be drawn from a defendant's failure to testify per se error] ). The out-of-State cases in this area follow a similar pattern. Thus, in State v. Thomas, 130 Ariz. 432, 636 P.2d 1214, supra, the court's determination of fundamental error was based on a constitutional provision (Ariz. Const., art. II, § 12) which stated in part that no person may "be questioned touching his religious belief in any court of justice to affect the weight of his testimony." Similarly, in People v. Hall, 391 Mich. 175, 215 N.W.2d 166, supra, a statute (Mich.Comp.L.Ann. § 600.1436; Mich.Stats.Ann. § 27A.1436) provided in pertinent part: "No...