Peters v. State, A99A2046.

• Decision Date: 16 March 2000
• Docket Number: No. A99A2046.,A99A2046.
• Citation: 242 Ga. App. 816,531 S.E.2d 386
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals
• Parties: PETERS v. The STATE.

531 S.E.2d 386

242 Ga. App. 816

PETERS v. The STATE.

No. A99A2046.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

March 16, 2000.

Gerard B. Kleinrock, Atlanta, for appellant.

J. Tom Morgan, District Attorney, Maria Murcier-Ashley, Thomas S. Clegg, Assistant District Attorneys, for appellee.

BARNES, Judge.

Carlos Peters appeals from his conviction of possessing cocaine with the intent to distribute it. In this appeal, Peters argues (1) the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress; (2) insufficient evidence supports his conviction; and (3) the trial court erred when it recharged the jury without notifying him or his counsel. For reasons that follow, we reverse.

The evidence presented during the motion to suppress hearing, and at trial,¹ showed that two armed and uniformed DeKalb County police officers prevented Peters from getting into his car and leaving an apartment complex because they "observed a black male, the defendant, come out of a breezeway in a hurried fashion." The officers testified that the breezeway from which Peters exited was known for heavy drug sales. When Peters saw the officers, he became very nervous and continued to hurry out of the complex toward his car. After stopping Peters and asking him for identification, Officer West reached into Peters' pants and removed a "three to four-inch cookie-sized chunk" of crack cocaine and two bags of marijuana.

1. In his first enumeration of error, Peters asserts the trial court should have granted his motion to suppress because the officers did not have the articulable suspicion necessary to detain him.

[United States] Supreme Court holdings sculpt out, at least theoretically, three tiers of police-citizen encounters: (1) communication between police and citizens involving no coercion or detention and therefore without the compass of the Fourth Amendment, (2) brief seizures that must be supported by reasonable suspicion, and (3) full-scale arrests that must be supported by probable cause.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) McAdoo v. State, 164 Ga.App. 23, 26(1), 295 S.E.2d 114 (1982).

In the first [tier], police officers may approach citizens, ask for identification, and freely question the citizen without any basis or belief that the citizen is involved in criminal activity, as long as the officers do not detain the citizen or create the impression that the citizen may not leave. The second tier occurs when the officer actually conducts a brief investigative Terry stop of the citizen. In this level, a police officer, even in the absence of probable cause, may stop persons and detain them briefly, when the officer has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the persons are involved in criminal activity.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) McClain v. State, 226 Ga.App. 714, 716(1), 487 S.E.2d 471 (1997).

In order to address Peters' first enumeration of error, we must first determine whether the initial contact between the officers and Peters should be categorized as a first- or a second-tier encounter. Because the officers verbally commanded Peters to stop and prevented him from entering his automobile, we find that it was a second-tier encounter for which a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity was required. See State v. Blair, 239 Ga.App. 340, 521 S.E.2d 380 (1999).

In this case, the officers lacked the requisite suspicion. Peters did not flee from a high drug sale area at the sight of the officers. Compare Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 120 S.Ct. 673, 145 L.Ed.2d 570 (2000) (defendant "looked in the direction of the officers and fled"); Harris v. State, 205 Ga.App. 813, 814(1), 423 S.E.2d 723 (1992) (when defendant and others "saw the patrol car, they began running"). Instead, Peters continued hurrying toward his car, just as he was before he spotted the officers. See State v. Winnie, 242 Ga.App. 228, 529 S.E.2d 215 (2000). Appearing nervous in the presence of police officers also falls short of the reasonable, articulable suspicion required by Terry. See Holt v. State, 227 Ga.App. 46, 50, 487 S.E.2d 629 (1997).

Since the officers stopped Peters without a reasonable, articulable suspicion that he was engaged or about to engage in criminal activity, the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress evidence seized as a result of this unlawful stop and seizure of his person.

2. Based on our holding in Division 1, Peters' remaining enumerations of error are moot.

Judgment reversed.

BLACKBURN, P.J., and ELDRIDGE, J., concur fully and specially.

ELDRIDGE, Judge, concurring specially.

I concur fully in the majority opinion and write only to make clear certain, specific facts of this case.

1. The record regarding the stop is quite clear. It is uncontroverted that Officers West and Waltower verbally ordered Peters to stop and, after he obeyed their command, the officers approached Peters for questioning. The officers did so solely because Peters was "hurrying" away from a known drug sale location. Peters appeared "nervous" to the officers only after he had already been stopped as shown by the following testimony first from the suppression hearing:

[Officer Waltower:] We observed a black male, the defendant, come out of a breeze way in a hurried fashion.... He was basically coming in our direction towards a yellow vehicle in a hurried fashion. When he saw us, he became very nervous.... When he saw us, he came almost to a complete stop and began looking around as if he was looking for an escape avenue.... He was stopped by myself and Officer West.... He was stopped with a verbal command.... [He] [d]id obey ... our verbal commands to stop.... He was in the parking lot near his vehicle....

[Q:] Was he doing anything else that was suspicious?

[Waltower:] When he was stopped, sir, he became very nervous.

[Q:] When he was stopped?

[Waltower:] Yes, sir.

and also from the trial:

[Officer Waltower:] [W]e observed a black male, later identified as Carlos Peters, was coming up from one of the lower levels in the breeze way in a hurried fashion, going towards a yellow Buick Regal, I believe it was.... We stopped Mr. Peters. He seemed to be quite nervous when we stopped him. I believe Officer West questioned him as to what he was doing.... (Emphasis supplied.)

[Officer West:] [W]e walked around Building 2801, we observed Mr. Peters run from a breeze way where drugs is heavily sold.... He was hastily walking towards his car.... Based on him running from the breezeway, I attempted to stop him to identify him.

That Peters may have appeared "nervous" or looked like he wanted an "escape avenue" when he was stopped cannot, after the fact, supply reasonable articulable suspicion to do what the officers had already done. Hurrying to one's automobile—even in a known drug sale location—is not, alone, sufficient to erode the people's constitutional right against unreasonable government intrusion. See, e.g., Hughes v. State, 269 Ga. 258, 260, 497 S.E.2d 790 (1998). Unsupported by any reasonable articulable suspicion that Peters was engaging or about to engage in criminal activity, the stop was an unconstitutional detention.

2. Even if the officers had been able to articulate a reasonable suspicion to justify a second-tier Terry stop of Peters, the subsequent search was bad. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). There were no exigent circumstances which would permit the officers to abandon a Terry protective pat-down, reach into the compliant suspect's pants, and remove a paper towel to see what is in it.

In Terry v. Ohio, supra, the court's emphasis upon the procedures followed by the officer indicates that a two-step process must ordinarily be followed: (1) The officer must pat down first, and (2) then intrude beneath the surface only if he comes upon something which feels like a weapon.

Clark v. State, 208 Ga.App. 896, 900, 432 S.E.2d 220 (1993). "More invasive procedures have been approved where an officer has had a reasonable basis for concluding that a suspect was armed or was otherwise a threat to his personal safety. See Hayes v. State, 202 Ga.App. 204, 414 S.E.2d 321 (1991)." State v. Newton, 227 Ga.App. 394, 396(1), 489 S.E.2d 147 (1997). But implicit in...