Pielech v. Massasoit Greyhound, Inc.

• Decision Date: 21 July 1999
• Docket Number: No. 97-P-1677,97-P-1677
• Citation: 47 Mass.App.Ct. 322,712 N.E.2d 1200
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts
• Parties: , 80 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 583 Kathleen PIELECH & another 1 v. MASSASOIT GREYHOUND, INC. 2 , 3

Page 1200

712 N.E.2d 1200

47 Mass.App.Ct. 322, 80 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 583

Kathleen PIELECH & another ¹ v. MASSASOIT GREYHOUND, INC. ², ³

No. 97-P-1677.

Appeals Court of Massachusetts Bristol.

Argued Jan. 6, 1999.

Decided July 21, 1999.

Harvey Weiner, Boston (Michael P. Duffy with him) for plaintiffs.

Joel A. Kozol, Boston, for defendant.

The following submitted briefs for amici curiae:

A. Van C. Lanckton & Merle Ruth Hass, Boston, for American Jewish Congress.

Howard A. Brick, Michael N. Sheetz & Laurin Levin, Boston, for The Anti-Defamation League.

Present: WARNER, C.J., JACOBS, & SPINA, JJ.

JACOBS, J.

By complaint filed in 1993, the plaintiffs asserted that their employment as part-time parimutuel clerks was "terminated" by their former employer, Massasoit Greyhound, Inc. (Massasoit), because they "refused to work on Christmas Day [of 1992] for religious reasons." Their complaint contained counts alleging (1) unlawful discrimination under c. 151B, § 4(1A); (2) violation of G.L. c. 93, § 102 (the Massachusetts Equal Rights Act); and (3) intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress. After the allowance of Massasoit's motion for summary judgment by a Superior Court judge, the Supreme Judicial Court, in Pielech v. Massasoit Greyhound, Inc., 423 Mass. 534, 540, 668 N.E.2d 1298 (1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1131, 117 S.Ct. 1280, 137 L.Ed.2d 356 (1997), construed § 4(1A) as violative of the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and affirmed the judgment in favor of Massasoit.

Soon thereafter, a bill was introduced in the Legislature, the effect of which "would be to change the construction that the court gave to § 4(1A) in its Pielech opinion so that the protection of § 4(1A) would not be limited 'to persons whose practices and beliefs mirror those required by the dogma of established religions.' " Opinion of the Justices, 423 Mass. 1244, 1245, 673 N.E.2d 36 (1996), quoting from Pielech v. Massasoit Greyhound, Inc., supra at 539-540, 668 N.E.2d 1298. In response to a question submitted by the Legislature, the Supreme Judicial Court concluded that § 4(1A) with the proposed amendment would not violate the Massachusetts and Federal Constitutions. Id. at 1246-1247, 673 N.E.2d 36. The proposed amendment was subsequently enacted as St.1997, c. 2, effective February 27, 1997. Section 3 of St.1997, c. 2, provides:

"The provisions of section two of this act shall apply to all claims arising not earlier than three years before the effective date of this act which have not yet been filed, and to all other claims pending before the commission against discrimination or a court on the effective date of this act, including claims upon which final judgment or judgment after rescript has not entered or as to which a period to file an appeal, certiorari petition, petition for rehearing or similar motion has not expired on said effective date."

While the amendment was pending, the plaintiffs sought and received from the United States Supreme Court an extension to February 10, 1997, for the filing of a petition for certiorari. They filed their petition on February 8, 1997. On the day following the enactment of the amendment, the plaintiffs initiated a separate action (the new case) in the Superior Court under G.L. c. 151B, § 4(1A), as amended by St.1997, c. 2, repeating the discrimination claims of their 1993 complaint. ⁴

After their petition for certiorari was denied on March 17, 1997, the plaintiffs returned to the instant case on March 28, 1997, by filing an "emergency" motion pursuant to Mass.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(6), ⁵ 365 Mass. 829 (1974), in which they sought relief from the summary judgment dismissing their original complaint. On the same day, they filed a motion to amend their original complaint by substituting the amended § 4(1A) and adding a count under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e (1994), accompanied by a "First Amended Complaint" that repeated verbatim the counts under G.L. c. 93, § 102, and for intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress contained in their original complaint. On April 25, 1997, the rule 60(b)(6) motion was denied by the same Superior Court judge.

1. Retroactivity. In his decision on the rule 60(b)(6) motion, the judge concluded that the retroactivity provision of the amended statute does not apply to this case because the "plaintiffs did not have a 'claim pending' as of the effective date of the [amendment] February 27, 1997." The judge also wrote: "Moreover, this court's decision comports with the traditional understanding that judgments are final. Finally, the plaintiffs are free to attempt to vindicate their rights in another action which, consequently, they are doing."

It is well established that ordinarily "[a] motion under Rule 60 is addressed to the judge's discretion," Trustees of the Stigmatine Fathers, Inc. v. Secretary of Admin. & Fin., 369 Mass. 562, 565, 341 N.E.2d 662 (1976), and "appellate courts will show marked deference to the lower court's resolution of such a motion." Chiu-Kun Woo v. Moy, 17 Mass.App.Ct. 949, 457 N.E.2d 663 (1983). Here, however, the judge's ruling as to retroactivity is purely one of law and does not reflect an exercise of discretion. It may, therefore, be reviewed for correctness as matter of law, without deferential weighting. See Stilwell v. Travelers Ins. Co., 327 F.2d 931, 933 (5th Cir.1964); Cuzzi v. Board of Appeals of Medford, 2 Mass.App.Ct. 887, 888, 318 N.E.2d 842 (1974) (while a judge's denial of a discretionary motion ordinarily does not present an issue of law on appeal, "the rule is otherwise where the denial is based on a ruling that [the judge] was without power to grant it"). See also 11 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice & Procedure § 2872 (1995).

The pertinent provision of the retroactivity clause makes the amendment applicable to "all ... claims pending before ... a court on [February 27, 1997], including claims ... as to which a period to file [a] ... certiorari petition ... has not expired on said ... date." We construe this provision solely to determine whether it encompasses the instant action, leaving to another time the question of its constitutionality.

The relevant status of this action as of February 27, 1997, was that the summary judgment dismissing the plaintiffs' complaint had been affirmed by the Supreme Judicial Court, and a timely petition for certiorari had been filed by the plaintiffs with the United States Supreme Court. In deciding that the amended version of § 4(1A) was inapplicable to the case at bar, the judge concluded that the plaintiffs did not have a "claim pending" on February 27, 1997. Relying on case law and a dictionary definition, he determined that "a claim is the set of operative facts that gives rise to an enforceable right and certiorari is not a matter of 'right' but, instead, rests in the sound discretion of the court." Whatever might be the validity of that analysis in other circumstances, it is here inapposite. One need not go beyond the plain language of the retroactivity clause to determine that among the included claims to which the amendment is to apply is one "as to which a period to file [a] ... certiorari petition ... has not expired." In the context of that retroactivity language, it is of no moment that certiorari may be a matter of discretion rather than right. The certiorari petition procedure described merely provides one of several time lines for determining the claims to which the amended § 4(1A) applies. Given that definitional function, it would be inconsistent to treat a claim in a case as pending for purposes of the retroactivity provision until the time for filing a petition for certiorari has expired but as not pending when a certiorari petition properly has been filed within that time.

Even if we thought there to be ambiguity in the retroactivity provision, and resorted to attempting to ascertain the intent of the Legislature, we would again arrive at retroactive application to this case. That intent is "ascertained from all [the words of the statute] ... considered in connection with the cause of its enactment, the mischief or imperfection to be remedied and the main object to be accomplished, to the end that the purpose of its framers may be effectuated." Hanlon v. Rollins, 286 Mass. 444, 447, 190 N.E. 606 (1934). The order by which the House of Representatives brought the question of the constitutionality of the amended version of § 4(1A) to the Supreme Judicial Court makes clear that the amendment was enacted in response to that court's Pielech opinion, see Opinion of the Justices, supra at 1245, 673 N.E.2d 36, and the amendment itself speaks of an "intention ... immediately to restore the right of individuals to be free from discrimination in the workplace based on their sincerely held religious beliefs." St.1997, c. 2, § 1. In Opinion of the Justices, supra, the court not only recognized the broad remedial objective of the amended § 4(1A), but also indicated that the constitutionality of the retroactivity provision (§ 3) "is one that can be raised in pending litigation." Id. at 1247-1248, 673 N.E.2d 36. No great inferential leap is required to conclude that the court believed that it was the intention of the Legislature to encompass the plaintiffs' action in the retroactivity provision. This point was conceded by Massasoit in its opposition to the rule 60(b) motion in the Superior Court, which states that the retroactivity clause was an attempt by the Legislature "to create a new cause of action specifically for the plaintiffs."

While "changes in the law alone would not justify reopening [a final] judgment," Galvin v. Welsh Mfg. Co., 382 Mass. 340, 344, 416 N.E.2d 183 (1981), the clear language of the retroactivity provision coupled with the resolve of the Legislature to give the plaintiffs their day in court...