Pierce v. U.S.
| Decision Date | 31 March 2006 |
| Docket Number | No. CIV.A. 06-0320ESH.,CIV.A. 06-0320ESH. |
| Citation | 424 F.Supp.2d 230 |
| Parties | Edwin PIERCE, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant. |
| Court | U.S. District Court — District of Columbia |
Edwin Pierce, Las Vegas, NV, Pro se.
Plaintiff Edwin Pierce filed a pro se complaint on February 23, 2006, alleging errors by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") "in connection with the collection of [a] federal tax" (Compl.¶ 1), and seeking damages under 26 U.S.C. § 7433. For the reasons explained below, the Court finds that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiffs complaint and dismisses the case without prejudice.
Plaintiffs complaint alleges that "[b]eginning with tax year' 1995 ... officers, agents, and/or employees of the Internal Revenue Service, in connection with the collection of federal tax[,] recklessly, intentionally or by reason of negligence" violated myriad provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and its accompanying regulations. (Compl. at 4-5.) Plaintiff sought damages for the alleged violations under 26 U.S.C. § 7433. (Compl. ¶31.) Plaintiff's case is one of dozens of virtually identical pro se complaints recently filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. At least two of these cases have previously been dismissed by this Court for lack of subject matter jurisdiction owing to plaintiffs' failure to exhaust administrative remedies. See, e.g., Henry v. United States, 416 F.Supp.2d 130 (D.D.C.2006); Scott v. United States, 416 F.Supp.2d 116 (D.D.C.2006). Therefore, on February 27, 2006, the Court ordered plaintiff to show cause why jurisdiction over his claim was proper. Gaines v. United States, Order, 05-2326 (D.D.C. Feb. 27, 2006) ("Show Cause Order" or "Order"). As required for pro se litigants under Fox v. Strickland, 837 F.2d 507 (D.C.Cir.1988), the Court informed plaintiff that failure to respond could result in the Court dismissing the case. (Order at 2.) The Order instructed plaintiff to explain how he had "`exhausted all administrative remedies" (Plaintiff's Affidavit ¶16), as required by 26 U.S.C. § 7433(d)(1) and 26 C.F.R. § 301.7433-1(a), (d), (e), and attach all documentation reflecting the filing of a claim as described in 26 C.F.R. § 301.7433-1(e)(2). The IRS filed a motion to dismiss on February 28, 2006. Plaintiff filed a response to the Show Cause Order on March 14, 2006 (Response to Order to Show Cause ("Pl.'s Resp.")), to which the IRS filed an opposition on March 29, 2006. (United States' Opposition to Plaintiff's Response to the Court's Show—Cause Order ("Def.'s Opp.").) After reviewing the filings of both parties, the Court finds that it lacks jurisdiction because plaintiff has failed to demonstrate compliance with the exhaustion requirements of the Internal Revenue Code and regulations promulgated pursuant thereto.
Plaintiff argues that jurisdiction properly lies in this Court under 26 U.S.C. § 7433, which provides:
If, in connection with any collection of Federal tax with respect to a taxpayer, any officer or employee of the Internal Revenue Service recklessly or intentionally, or by reason of negligence disregards any provision of this title, or any regulation promulgated under this title, such taxpayer may bring a civil action for damages against the United States in a district court of the United States.
26 U.S.C. § 7433(a). With respect to exhaustion, the statute states that a "judgment for damages shall not be awarded under [§ 7433] unless the court determines that the plaintiff has exhausted the administrative remedies available to such plaintiff within the Internal Revenue Service." Id. § 7433(d)(1).
The IRS has established by regulation the procedure by which a taxpayer may pursue a claim under section 7433. See 26 C.F.R. § 301.7433-1. These regulations make clear that an "action for damages filed in federal district court may not be maintained unless the taxpayer has filed an administrative claim pursuant to ... this section." Id. § 301.7433-1(a). In order to properly file an administrative claim, a taxpayer must write to the "Area Director, Attn: Compliance Technical Support Manager of the area in which the taxpayer currently resides." Id. § 301.7433-1(e)(1). The regulations spell out with specificity the information that must be provided to the Area Director, including, inter alia, the "grounds, in reasonable detail, for the claim;" a "description of the injuries incurred;" and the "dollar amount of the claim, including any damages that have not yet been incurred but which are reasonably foreseeable." Id. § 301.7433-1(e)(2)(ii)—(iv). The taxpayer is further required to provide any "substantiating documentation" supporting his claim. Id. A civil action in federal district court cannot be maintained until either the IRS rules on the claim, or six months pass without a decision by the IRS on a properly filed claim. Id. § 301.7433-1(d)(i)-(ii). Failure to comply with the regulation deprives the federal district court of jurisdiction. See Venen v. United States, 38 F.3d 100, 103 (3d Cir.1994); McGuirl v. United States, 360 F.Supp.2d 125, 128 (D.D.C.2004).
In his complaint, plaintiff does no more than assert that he "may forego exhausting administrative remedies that are either futile or inadequate ... or when agency action exceeds statutory authorization." (Compl. ¶6.) Plaintiff fails, however, to allege any facts that demonstrate futility or that the agency has exceeded its statutory authorization. Cf. Cooper v. United States, No. 05-1192, 2005 WL 3707403, at *1 n. 2 (D.D.C. Dec. 8, 2005) (). Plaintiff alleges that he has "exhausted administrative remedies in that [he wrote] numerous requests for documents and authorities which require responses from the IRS," and that the "IRS has failed and/or refused to respond or has responded with frivolous responses." (Compl.¶ 9.) As the IRS notes in its opposition, however, plaintiff has "not shown any attempt to comply with 26 U.S.C. § 7433's [exhaustion] requirement." (Def.'s Opp. at 4 n. 1.)
Despite the Court's explicit directive to plaintiff to explain how he exhausted his administrative remedies and to provide "all documentation reflecting the filing of a claim as described" by the regulations (Show Cause Order at 2), plaintiff's response to defendant's motion provides no additional detail beyond that which had already been included in his complaint. Rather, plaintiff argues that the Court should exercise "equity" jurisdiction over his claim because "the administrative `remedies' purportedly provided for—as implemented by regulation—are at best unavailable, and at worst, wholly inadequate." (Pl.'s Resp. at 6.) Plaintiff's argument is without merit. Plaintiff is not seeking an equitable remedy; he is seeking damages, which "remain today a remedy at law." Sparrow v. Comm'r, 949 F.2d 434, 437 (D.C.Cir.1991) (citing Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. 189, 94 S.Ct. 1005, 39 L.Ed.2d 260 (1974)). As such, an exercise of discretionary equity jurisdiction would be inappropriate.1
Nor would it be appropriate for the court to waive the exhaustion requirement. The term "exhaustion" applies to "two distinct legal concepts." Avocados Plus Inc. v. Veneman, 370 F.3d 1243, 1247 (D.C.Cir.2004). The first, known as "nonjurisdictional exhaustion," is a "judicially created doctrine" that the court may, under certain circumstances and "in its discretion, excuse." Id. The second, called "jurisdictional exhaustion," is a statutory "predicate to judicial review ... rooted, not in prudential principles, but in Congress' power to control the jurisdiction of the federal courts." Id. (citing E.E.O.C. v. Lutheran Soc. Servs., 186 F.3d 959, 963-64 (D.C.Cir.1999)). "If the statute does mandate exhaustion, a court cannot excuse it." Id. at 1247-48 (citing Shalala v. Ill. Council on Long Term Care, Inc., 529 U.S. 1, 13, 120 S.Ct. 1084, 146 L.Ed.2d 1 (2000)). Because courts "presume exhaustion is non-jurisdictional," id. at 1248, there must be "[s]weeping and direct statutory language indicating that there is no federal jurisdiction prior to exhaustion, or the exhaustion requirement is treated as an element of the underlying claim." Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 757, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975). Here, the exhaustion requirement is jurisdictional. The relevant statute is unequivocal: a "judgment for damages shall not be awarded under [section 7433] unless the court determines that the plaintiff has exhausted the administrative remedies available to such plaintiff within the Internal Revenue Service." 26 U.S.C. § 7433(d)(1). Several courts have "interpreted the exhaustion requirement as jurisdictional" in nature. Bennett v. United States, 361 F.Supp.2d 510, 514 (W.D.Va.2005). See, e.g., Conforte v. United States, 979 F.2d 1375, 1377 (9th Cir.1992); Info. Res., Inc. v. United States, 950 F.2d 1122, 1125-27 (5th Cir.1992); Simmons v. United States, 875 F.Supp. 318, 319 (W.D.N.C.1994); Music Deli & Groceries, Inc. v. I.R.S., 781 F.Supp. 992, 997 (S.D.N.Y.1991). Therefore, plaintiffs failure to introduce any evidence that he attempted to or did comply with the procedures for bringing an administrative claim, as provided for in 26 C.F.R. § 301.7433-1, deprives the Court of jurisdiction.
Even if the exhaustion requirement in this case were "non-jurisdictional" in nature, plaintiff would fare no better. A non jurisdictional exhaustion requirement serves a variety of purposes. Among other things, "it preserves the autonomy of the administrative agency by allowing the agency to apply its expertise and to exercise its discretion," Athlone Indus., Inc. v. Consumer Prod. Safety Comm'n, 707 F.2d 1485, 1488 (citing McKart v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 194, 89 S.Ct. 1657, 23 L.Ed.2d...
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