Pittman v. Currie

• Decision Date: 26 May 1982
• Docket Number: No. 53235,53235
• Citation: 414 So.2d 423
• Parties: Edwin Lloyd PITTMAN, Secretary of State and Land Commissioner, State of Mississippi v. Jack T. CURRIE.
• Court: Mississippi Supreme Court

Page 423

414 So.2d 423

35 A.L.R.4th 801

Edwin Lloyd PITTMAN, Secretary of State and Land Commissioner, State of Mississippi v. Jack T. CURRIE.

No. 53235.

Supreme Court of Mississippi.

May 26, 1982.

Bill Allain, Atty. Gen. by William Mack Cameron, Sp. Asst. Atty. Gen., Jackson, for appellant.

Armstrong & Hoffman, John T. Armstrong, Hazlehurst, W. Roger Jones, Jr., Jackson, for appellee.

Before PATTERSON, C. J., and BROOM and DARDEN, JJ.

BROOM, Justice, for the Court:

Tax sale validity is the chief issue of this case tried in the Chancery Court of Copiah County, Judge Mike Carr presiding. Appellee Jack Currie sued to confirm his title to an undivided 1/2 mineral interest in 80 acres. He sought cancellation of a 1948 tax sale to the state on the basis that the tax sale was void because the land was not sold in 40-acre tracts. The lower court upheld Currie's contention and the state appeals. We affirm.

On appeal, appellant Edwin Lloyd Pittman, Secretary of State, (the state herein), contends that the lower court committed reversible error in (1) allowing attorney John Armstrong to testify in violation of Canon 5 of the Code of Professional Responsibility; (2) allowing the law firm of Armstrong and Hoffman to represent Currie in violation of Canon 5 of the Code of Professional Responsibility; (3) ruling that appellee met the burden of proof required to overcome the presumption that the tax collector performed his duty as required by law; (4) allowing Carroll Kemp to testify that he conducted the tax sale; and (5) ruling that the two-year statute of limitations set out in Mississippi Code Annotated Sec. 15-1-17 (1972) did not bar appellee Currie's suit.

In 1980 this case came before us on the state's demurrer to the appellee Currie's plea that the tax sale was void. Pittman v. Currie, 391 So.2d 654 (Miss.1980). We held that the chancellor correctly overruled the state's demurrer. Our opinion, authored by Justice Cofer, stated that the 1948 sale was invalid because the property had not first been offered in the statutorily required 40-acre tracts, and thereafter the state had never been in possession of the property. According to our opinion, inasmuch as the void tax sale did not convey to the state constructive possession of the property, the attempted conveyance to the state constituted a cloud on appellee's title which should be canceled "assuming that, on a trial, the complainant [Currie] proves his case." Accordingly, we remanded the case for trial and now it is here after trial on the merits.

The facts are stated as follows: In 1944 Belle D. McLehaney conveyed an undivided 1/2 interest in all oil, gas and minerals in an 80-acre tract of land in Copiah County to J. F. Currie. On September 20, 1948, the interest was sold to the state for delinquent taxes in the total sum of $2.18 for the year 1947. Since that time the state has not exercised any control or possession of the interest, and has done nothing to invade or disturb the interest.

Most of the trial testimony relates to particulars of this 1948 sale. Amazingly, appellee Currie was able to call three of the participants in the sale to testify--all three were Hazlehurst attorneys: Carroll Kemp, Sr., Lena Zama, and John T. Armstrong. Kemp testified that at the sheriff's request he conducted the 1948 sale, which he often did, and received a car tag for his services. Attorneys Zama and Armstrong both testified that they were present at the sale. Armstrong's law firm, Armstrong and Hoffman, is one of the firms representing appellee Currie. Prior to Armstrong's testimony the state objected, saying his testimony would violate Canon 5 of the Code of Professional Responsibility which prohibits an attorney from testifying except in certain circumstances. The trial court, ruling that Canon 5 is not a rule of evidence but a standard of professional conduct, allowed Armstrong to testify.

All three attorneys testified that the mineral interest was not bid in 40-acre tracts as required by Mississippi Code Annotated Sec. 27-41-59 (1972). Incredibly all three attorneys testified that land at tax sales in Copiah County was never sold in 40-acre tracts as required by law.

Monroe James, a forester who managed the 80 acres for the McLehaneys, said he had never seen anyone other than the McLehaney family on the land and had never seen any evidence of oil or gas drilling.

In 1961 J. F. Currie conveyed the subject interest to appellee Jack Currie. In February of 1974 appellee Currie made application to redeem the interest (from the 1948 tax sale) after certifying that he had paid $135.13 in back taxes. After Currie paid the back taxes, the chancery clerk purportedly released the land, but the state failed to recognize the cancellation.

No witnesses were called by the state, and the chancellor noted the sole issue was whether the 1948 tax sale was void. He stated that even though the testimony required the witnesses to recall events which occurred some 32 1/2 years earlier, such testimony was not unreasonable considering the status of the witnesses as prominent, long-time Copiah County residents. The chancellor noted that their testimony was uncontradicted and conclusively showed that the land was not offered in 40-acre tracts. Therefore he held that the sale was void and ruled that the state's claim should be canceled. From this ruling the state has appealed.

First, the state argues that the trial court erred in allowing attorney Armstrong to testify because his testimony violated Canon 5 of the Code of Professional Responsibility which prohibits attorneys who are employed in a case from acting as a witness except in certain circumstances. Armstrong's firm, Armstrong and Hoffman, was one of the firms representing appellee Currie.

Noting appellant's (the state's) objection at trial, the chancellor stated that this Canon was not a rule of evidence but a standard of professional conduct. After calling the Canon to Armstrong's attention, the chancellor noted that the attorney's testimony would be cumulative; then he let Armstrong testify.

Canon 5 of the Mississippi Code of Professional Responsibility provides, "A lawyer should exercise independent professional judgment on behalf of a client." Ethical Consideration 5-9 explains the ethical conflict which may arise when a lawyer is called on to be a witness.

If a lawyer is both counsel and witness, he becomes more easily impeachable for interest and thus may be a less effective witness. Conversely, the opposing counsel may be handicapped in challenging the credibility of the lawyer when the lawyer also appears as an advocate in the case. An advocate who becomes a witness is in the unseemly and ineffective position of arguing his own credibility. The roles of an advocate and of a witness are inconsistent: the function of an advocate is to advance or argue the cause of another, while that of a witness is to state facts objectively.

Ethical Consideration 5-10 further expounds on the issue:

It is not objectionable for a lawyer who is a potential witness to be an advocate if it is unlikely that he will be called as a witness because his testimony would be merely cumulative or if his testimony will relate only to an uncontested issue. In the exceptional situation where it will be manifestly unfair to the client for the lawyer to refuse employment or to withdraw when he will likely be a witness on a contested issue, he may serve as advocate even though he may be a witness. In making such decision, he should determine the personal or financial sacrifice of the client that may result from his refusal of employment or withdrawal therefrom, the materiality of his testimony, and the effectiveness of his representation in view of his personal involvement. In weighing these factors, it should be clear that refusal or withdrawal will impose an unreasonable hardship upon the client before the lawyer accepts or continues the employment. Where the question arises, doubts should be resolved in favor of the lawyer testifying and against his becoming or continuing as an advocate.

The prohibition against attorneys testifying is brought forward in Disciplinary Rules 5-101(B) and 5-102.

Disciplinary Rule 5-101(B) states:

[B] A lawyer shall not accept employment in contemplated or pending litigation if he knows or it is obvious that he or a lawyer in his firm ought to be called as a witness, except that he may undertake the employment and he or a lawyer in his firm may testify:

If the testimony will relate solely to an uncontested matter.

If the testimony will relate solely to a matter of formality and there is no reason to believe that substantial evidence will be offered in opposition to the testimony.

If the testimony will relate solely to the nature and value of legal services rendered in the case by the lawyer or his firm to the client.

As to any matter, if refusal would work a substantial hardship on the client because of the distinctive value of the lawyer or his firm as counsel in the particular case.

Disciplinary Rule 5-102(A) provides:

[A] If, after undertaking employment in contemplated or pending litigation, a lawyer learns or it is obvious that he or a lawyer in his firm ought to be called as a witness on behalf of his client, he shall withdraw from the conduct of the trial and his firm, if any, shall not continue representation in the trial, except that he may continue the representation and he or a lawyer in his firm may testify in the circumstances enumerated in DR 5-101[B] through .

In Scott County Co-Op v. Brown, 187 So.2d 321 (Miss.1966), we noted the undesirability of attorneys testifying in cases wherein they are counsel, and said that the practice should be avoided whenever possible. We have said it is reversible error to allow a district attorney who is prosecuting a defendant to testify in the defendant's case. Jenkins v. State, 242 Miss. 646, 136 So.2d 580 (1962); Adams v. State, 202 Miss 68, 30...