Richardson v. Lucas

• Decision Date: 14 September 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-4619,83-4619
• Citation: 741 F.2d 753
• Parties: 16 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 397 Thad RICHARDSON, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Eddie LUCAS, Warden, Mississippi State Penitentiary, et al., Respondents-Appellees. Summary Calendar.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 753

741 F.2d 753

16 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 397

Thad RICHARDSON, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Eddie LUCAS, Warden, Mississippi State Penitentiary, et al.,

Respondents-Appellees.

No. 83-4619

Summary Calendar.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Sept. 14, 1984.

Thad Richardson, Jr., pro se.

Larry M. Wilson, William S. Boyd, III, Asst. Attys. Gen., Jackson, Miss., for respondents-appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi.

Before WILLIAMS, JOLLY and HILL, Circuit Judges.

E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge:

After his conviction for burglary of a dwelling was affirmed by the Mississippi Supreme Court, Thad Richardson sought a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254. Following the district court's refusal to issue the writ, Richardson appealed. On appeal, Richardson argues that his fifth amendment right against self-incrimination was denied by the state trial court's refusal to instruct the jury, as he requested, that his failure to testify was not to be "considered unfavorably."

Richardson, an indigent, also argues that he was denied his sixth amendment right to counsel because the state trial court refused to appoint a specific attorney from the legal aid society to represent him. Because Richardson did not wish to be represented by the attorney whom the court had appointed for that purpose, he appeared pro se, with his appointed attorney acting as advisory counsel. Richardson concludes by arguing that the trial judge's conduct denied him a fair trial. We affirm.

I.

Having chosen not to testify in his defense, Richardson requested that the jury be given the following instruction:

The Court instructs the Jury that the fact that the defendant does not testify in this cause is not to be considered unfavorably to him by the Jury in the trial of the case.

The trial court refused to give the instruction. Richardson claims that the trial court's refusal violated his fifth amendment right against self-incrimination.

The Supreme Court has established that the fifth amendment requires, after a proper request, that a trial judge instruct the jury that no adverse inference can be drawn from a defendant's failure to testify in his behalf. See Carter v. Kentucky, 450 U.S. 288, 300, 101 S.Ct. 1112, 1119, 67 L.Ed.2d 241 (1981).

In this case, the appellees argue that the error identified by Carter does not require automatic reversal. They contend that Richardson's conviction can be affirmed if it can be concluded, based upon the entire record, that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Our research has disclosed that no federal appellate court has reached the question of whether the refusal to give a "failure to testify" instruction can be harmless error. ¹

In Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967), the Supreme Court held that prosecutorial comment on the defendant's failure to testify, a much more pronounced violation of the fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination than the refusal to give the "failure to testify" instruction in this case, could be harmless error. Noting that every state and the United States ² had enacted harmless error statutes, the Court stated:

All of these rules, state or federal, serve a very useful purpose insofar as they block setting aside convictions for small errors or defects that have little, if any, likelihood of having changed the result of the trial. We conclude that there may be some constitutional errors which in the setting of a particular case are so unimportant and insignificant that they may, consistent with the Federal Constitution, be deemed harmless, not requiring the automatic reversal of the conviction.

386 U.S. at 22, 87 S.Ct. at 827; see also United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 499, 103 S.Ct. 1974, 1980, 76 L.Ed.2d 96 (1983).

Chapman teaches us that prosecutorial comment on a defendant's failure to testify can be harmless error. 386 U.S. at 23, 87 S.Ct. at 827-28. A similar result is appropriate when a judge erroneously refuses to instruct the jury, following a proper request, not to draw an unfavorable inference from a defendant's refusal to testify. The two types of error both implicate the fifth amendment's privilege against self-incrimination. Furthermore, the Chapman error is the more egregious. There, the prosecution openly informs the jury of the defendant's failure to testify and of the inferences of guilt which can be drawn therefrom. After reading Chapman and considering the two types of error involved, we can perceive no reason for distinguishing the two types insofar as the application of the harmless error doctrine is concerned.

Having determined that a refusal to give a requested "failure to testify" instruction can be harmless error, we must decide whether the error was harmless in this case. For a constitutional error to be harmless, "the court must be able to declare a belief that [the error] was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. at 24, 87 S.Ct. at 828. For the error to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, a court must "decide whether, absent the so-determined unconstitutional effect, the evidence remains not only sufficient to support the verdict but so overwhelming as to establish the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt." Harryman v. Estelle, 616 F.2d 870, 876 (5th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 860, 101 S.Ct. 161, 66 L.Ed.2d 76 (1980).

The uncontradicted evidence adduced at the trial through the testimony of John and Higdon Hudson revealed that on August 19, 1978, as John Hudson and his father, Higdon, arrived at Higdon's house in Summit, Mississippi, they noticed a Buick automobile speeding away from behind the house with its trunk lid raised and a television set in the trunk. John got in his automobile and pursued the Buick. In the meantime, Higdon discovered that his television, three guns, a chain saw and two jewelry boxes had been stolen. After getting his pistol, Higdon left the house to find his son.

Following the Buick, John saw the car get stuck in a ditch and a man then leave the car and run into the woods. John pursued the man (later identified by both Hudsons as Richardson), captured him, and brought him back to the Buick where they were joined by Higdon. Both Higdon and John testified that Richardson pleaded with them to allow him to return the stolen property to Higdon's home and begged them not to have him arrested and prosecuted. Although John was holding a pistol, Richardson ran off into the woods. Wisely unwilling to fire directly at him, but rather firing his pistol into the ground, John allowed Richardson to escape.

The next day, Richardson's brother reported that the Buick which had been driven by the burglar had been stolen by Richardson. Richardson, a resident of New Orleans, had been in Summit on the day Higdon's home was burglarized. Richardson was subsequently arrested and indicted for burglary. At the trial, both John and Higdon Hudson positively identified Richardson as the man John had caught in the woods.

This evidence is sufficient to support Richardson's conviction and is so overwhelming as to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Richardson's failure to testify, especially in view of his constant claims that the Hudsons were lying, ³ had no effect on the jury's appraisal of the Hudsons' credibility. From examining the record, we are convinced that there is no reasonable possibility that the giving of a "failure to testify" instruction would have affected the verdict of guilty for Richardson. Therefore, the error in refusing to give the instruction was harmless.

II.

At arraignment, Donald Jones, a member of the Pike County, Mississippi bar was appointed to represent Richardson. Approximately a week later, Richardson filed a motion in which he asked to be allowed to act as co-counsel. Jones then moved to withdraw as counsel because Richardson had refused his advice, constantly tried to represent himself and stated that he had filed a civil action against Jones. At a hearing several days later, Richardson stated that he wanted to be co-counsel and that he did not wish to be represented by Jones. He also asked that a specific attorney from the legal aid society be appointed to represent him. The state trial judge denied Jones's request to withdraw as Richardson's counsel. At the same time, he ordered that Richardson be allowed to act as his own attorney, with Jones acting in an advisory capacity.

At trial, Richardson again stated that he did not want Jones to represent him. The trial proceeded, however, with Richardson performing most of the functions which are part of an attorney's traditional role. Richardson cross-examined the state's witnesses and examined witnesses that he called as defense witnesses. The roles of Jones and another attorney, John Price, who were present throughout the trial as advisory counsel, were limited to participation in the selection of a jury and the preparation of jury instructions. In...