Richland Cnty. Sch. Dist. 2 v. Lucas
| Decision Date | 30 September 2021 |
| Docket Number | Opinion No. 28063,Appellate Case No. 2021-000892 |
| Citation | 862 S.E.2d 920,434 S.C. 299 |
| Parties | RICHLAND COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT 2 and Malika Stokes, in her individual capacity and on behalf of her children "J.S., J.S., and J.C.", Petitioners, v. James H. "Jay" LUCAS, Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives; Harvey S. Peeler Jr., President of the South Carolina Senate; Molly Spearman, Superintendent of Education, Respondents. |
| Court | South Carolina Supreme Court |
Carl L. Solomon, of Solomon Law Group, LLC, of Columbia, and Skyler B. Hutto, of Williams & Williams, of Orangeburg, for Petitioner Richland County School District 2.
W. Allen Nickles III, of Nickles Law Firm, LLC, of Columbia, for Petitioner Malika Stokes.
Susan P. McWilliams, Michael A. Parente, and Emily R. Wayne, all of Nexsen Pruet, LLC, of Columbia, for Respondent James H. "Jay" Lucas.
Kenneth M. Moffitt, Sara S. Parrish, and John P. Hazzard V, all of Columbia, for Respondent Harvey S. Peeler Jr.
Cathy L. Hazelwood and V. Henry Gunter Jr., both of Columbia, for Respondent Molly Spearman.
Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson, Solicitor General Robert D. Cook, and Deputy Solicitor General J. Emory Smith Jr., all of Columbia, for Amicus Curiae the Attorney General.
We granted Petitioners’ request to hear this declaratory judgment action in our original jurisdiction. Petitioners ask this Court to declare that Provisos 1.108 and 1.103 of the 2021-2022 Appropriations Act1 are invalid. We hold the provisos are constitutional, and we reject the remaining challenges to the validity of the provisos.
Proviso 1.108—enacted into law on June 22, 2021, and directed to the South Carolina Department of Education for South Carolina's kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) public schools—provides:
(SDE: Mask Mandate Prohibition) No school district, or any of its schools, may use any funds appropriated or authorized pursuant to this act to require that its students and/or employees wear a facemask at any of its education facilities. This prohibition extends to the announcement or enforcement of any such policy.
Proviso 1.103 states:
Although the School District has not required its students to wear masks in its education facilities, it claims Proviso 1.108 conflicts with local laws2 regarding mask requirements in schools and places the School District in an untenable position. In addition, Petitioners claim the School District has reached the five percent cap for virtual enrollment and does not wish to risk losing state funds by exceeding the cap in Proviso 1.103. The School District asks for guidance on its options and obligations regarding facemasks and virtual education.
Petitioner Malika Stokes is the parent of three minor children who reside in Orangeburg County School District, one of whom (J.S.) is severely asthmatic. Although J.S.’s pediatrician recommended he be allowed to attend school virtually, the school district is at capacity for virtual schooling.
Petitioners contend (1) Provisos 1.108 and 1.103 violate the one-subject rule of article III, section 17 of the South Carolina Constitution ; (2) the plain language of Proviso 1.108 permits the School District to implement and enforce mask mandates in its education facilities if the School District does so with funds not appropriated or authorized in the 2021-2022 Appropriations Act; (3) Provisos 1.108 and 1.103 improperly invade the authority of local school boards; and (4) Provisos 1.108 and 1.103 deny equal protection to students and violate their constitutional right to free public education. We address these argument below.
In Wilson v. City of Columbia , we held "Proviso 1.108 manifestly sets forth the intent of the legislature to prohibit mask mandates funded by the 2021-2022 Appropriations Act in K-12 public schools." Op. No. 28056, 434 S.C. 206, 863 S.E.2d 456 (S.C. Sup. Ct. filed Sept. 2, 2021) (Howard Adv. Sh. No. 31 at 10). We also rejected the City's constitutional challenge to the proviso. Id. at 14. We held Proviso 1.108 does not violate the one-subject rule, as it "reasonably and inherently relates to the raising and spending of tax monies." Id. at 15 (quoting Town of Hilton Head Island v. Morris , 324 S.C. 30, 35, 484 S.E.2d 104, 107 (1997) ). We further rejected the argument that Proviso 1.108 violates the Home Rule Act3 because Home Rule does not grant local governments the authority to effectively overrule a legislative enactment by the General Assembly. Id. at 17-18. Finally, we held the proviso preempted the conflicting local ordinances. Id. at 18. For the reasons we set forth in City of Columbia , we respectfully reject Petitioners’ challenges to the provisos.
Petitioners also argue both provisos deprive children of their constitutional right to a free public education and equal protection of the law. This Court will presume an act is constitutional unless its "repugnance to the constitution is clear and beyond a reasonable doubt." Doe v. State , 421 S.C. 490, 501, 808 S.E.2d 807, 813 (2017) (quoting Joytime Distribs. & Amusement Co. v. State , 338 S.C. 634, 640, 528 S.E.2d 647, 650 (1999) ). The general presumption of validity can be overcome only by a clear showing the act violates the constitution. Id.
Article I, section 3 of the South Carolina Constitution prohibits the denial of equal protection of the law. Success on an equal protection claim requires "a showing that similarly situated persons received disparate treatment." Id. at 504, 808 S.E.2d at 814. In this case, there is no evidence that any students are receiving disparate treatment. Indeed, there cannot be any argument of disparate treatment, as the provisos apply equally to all students and all public K-12 schools. Accordingly, Petitioners’ equal protection argument is without merit.
As to Petitioners’ argument that the provisos violate the constitutional guarantee of a free education for all children, article XI, section 3 of the South Carolina Constitution provides: "The General Assembly shall provide for the maintenance and support of a system of free public schools open to all children in the State and shall establish, organize and support such other public institutions of learning, as may be desirable." Petitioners contend the provisos limit the options available to school districts to ensure a free education to all children and condition the right to a free education on assuming the unnecessary risk of serious illness or even death.
Proviso 1.108 does not limit a student's right to a free education or prohibit students from wearing masks. The reduction in funding for excess virtual education set forth in Proviso 1.103 does not limit a school district's ability to provide virtual education. Instead, it reflects the reduced cost associated with providing an education virtually instead of in the physical classroom. We hold the provisos do not deprive students of their constitutional right to a free education.
The School District also asks this Court for guidance as...
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Carolina v. McMaster
...but was subject to the ordinances struck down in Wilson , also filed suit challenging the Proviso. See Richland Cnty. Sch. Dist. 2 v. Lucas , 434 S.C. 299, 862 S.E.2d 920 (2021). At issue in Richland was whether the Proviso prevented the school district "from (1) apportioning its budget so ......