Rocker v. State

• Decision Date: 04 October 1983
• Docket Number: 1 Div. 430
• Citation: 443 So.2d 1316
• Parties: Valory ROCKER v. STATE.
• Court: Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 1316

443 So.2d 1316

Valory ROCKER v. STATE.

1 Div. 430.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama.

Oct. 4, 1983.

Rehearing Denied Nov. 1, 1983.

Certiorari Denied Jan. 13, 1984

Alabama Supreme Court 83-211.

Ronnie E. Keahey, Grove Hill and William E. Kimbrough, Thomasville, for appellant.

Charles A. Graddick, Atty. Gen., and Martha Gail Ingram, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

GARDNER GOODWYN, Jr., Retired Circuit Judge.

The appellant was indicted for murder under § 13A-6-2, Code of Alabama 1975, by a grand jury of Clarke County, charging that he intentionally caused the death of William C. Darrington by shooting him with a rifle.

Upon a plea of not guilty a jury was duly selected, including two alternate jurors under the provisions of § 12-16-100, as amended, Code of Alabama 1975, and the trial resulted in a verdict of "guilty of manslaughter," a Class C felony which is a lesser included offense of murder. The trial judge imposed sentence of imprisonment of ten years, and the present appeal is from the final judgment of conviction and sentence.

On the morning of the second day of trial, the judge received notice that one of the principal jurors, a Mrs. Overstreet, may have received an unauthorized communication from her husband after she had been selected as a juror for this trial.

The judge promptly held a hearing in camera at which the juror was questioned by the court and counsel for appellant. The hearing revealed that the juror's husband had handed her a written note at the time he delivered to her some personal effects the night before while the jury was sequestered for the trial. She had mentioned this incident to the bailiff and asked his advice as to what she should do.

The note was as follows: "Go see that judge first thing in the morning and tell him about me knowing them. I don't want you on this trial. Elwood." At the hearing, Mrs. Overstreet testified that her husband had orally given her the same message at the time he handed her the note. She testified that her husband was raised among the people involved, but she did not know them except by name. Her husband did not indicate how he wanted her to decide the case, and she said she would be able to give a fair and impartial trial on behalf of both the defendant and the State. Her husband just did not want her up there, but this would not in any way influence her opinion and she did not know her husband's feelings one way or the other about the defendant. She had no opinion one way or the other, but her husband knew the families of both sides.

After this hearing, the trial judge stated that he would consider whether or not this juror would remain on the jury or be replaced by an alternate at a later time.

Whereupon, the appellant moved for a mistrial on the ground that communications had been had with the jury contrary to law and the instructions of the court. This motion was overruled, and the trial was resumed with no change in the jury that had been originally selected.

The following day, immediately before the case was submitted to the jury for its deliberations, the judge excused Mrs. Overstreet from the jury and substituted in her place the first alternate juror. He also excused the second alternate and submitted the case to the remaining eleven principal jurors and the first alternate. The jury thus organized rendered the verdict in the case.

The appellant in open court excepted to the ruling of the court in excusing Mrs. Overstreet and bringing forward the first alternate, and assigned as grounds that Mrs. Overstreet had testified her husband had not communicated his feelings one way or the other to her, and she knew none of the parties involved and nothing about the case, and had an open mind.

The judge stated that the basis of his decision was the written communication to the juror and the possibility that her impartiality might be impaired thereby.

Under these facts we find no error in the denial of the motion for a mistrial or the replacement of the principal juror by the first alternate.

A mistrial should not be granted unless there is a manifest necessity to discharge the jury or unless the ends of justice would otherwise be defeated. Hallman v. State, 36 Ala.App. 592, 61 So.2d 857 (1952); Crouch v. State, 53 Ala.App. 261, 299 So.2d 305, cert. denied, 292 Ala. 718, 299 So.2d 312 (1974); Diamond v. State, 363 So.2d 109 (Ala.Cr.App.1978); Woods v. State, 367 So.2d 982 (Ala.1978).

A trial judge is allowed broad discretion in deciding whether under the law a ground for a mistrial exists. Brewer v. State, 24 Ala.App. 410, 137 So. 454 (1931); Hallman, supra; Ballard v. State, 51 Ala.App. 393, 286 So.2d 68, cert. denied, 291 Ala. 772, 286 So.2d 72 (1973); Woods, supra.

The presence of the trial judge at the scene places him in the best position to determine what effect, if any, some event may have upon the ability of the jury to render a just and true verdict in the case, and his decision in this matter will not be reversed except for a clear abuse of discretion. Franks v. State, 45 Ala.App. 88, 224 So.2d 924 (1968); Shadle v. State, 280 Ala. 379, 194 So.2d 538 (1967); Woods, supra.

In the present case the unauthorized communications reached one juror only, and no other juror was involved or affected. There was no cause under these facts to declare a mistrial and to discharge the entire jury. If one principal juror should become disqualified, as the trial judge so found, this could be corrected by bringing forward an alternate as a substitute, and a mistrial thus avoided. The trial judge followed this course, which is contemplated by the statute that authorizes the selection of alternate jurors, and we find no error in his denying the motion for a mistrial under the facts of this case. Hallman, supra; Woods, supra.

Nor do we find error in the ruling of the court in discharging Mrs. Overstreet as a principal juror in favor of the first alternate under the provisions of § 12-16-100(c), as amended, Code of Alabama 1975.

Subsection (c) provides for the use of an alternate "if it becomes necessary for an alternate to replace a principal juror ...."

The use of alternate jurors under this salutary statute permits the court to avoid a costly and burdensome mistrial that would otherwise be required when a juror during the trial becomes unable to perform his duties satisfactorily. We find that the trial judge made such use of this statute.

Whether it is necessary for an alternate juror to replace a principal juror under § 12-6-100(c), as amended, Code of Alabama 1975, is a decision within the sound discretion of the trial judge, subject only to review for an abuse of discretion. Winstead v. State, 53 Ala.App. 222, 298 So.2d 642, cert. denied, 292 Ala. 761, 298 So.2d 646 (1974); Gaffney v. State, 342 So.2d 403 (Ala.Cr.App.1976), cert. denied, 342 So.2d 404 (Ala.1977); Cox v. State, 394 So.2d 103 (Ala.Cr.App.1981).

The test of whether a potentially prejudicial event has disqualified a juror does not necessarily require proof that prejudice has in fact been created in the juror, but that prejudice might unlawfully influence such juror. Woods, supra.

In determining what action to take when a potentially prejudicial event has occurred, the trial judge may take into account the desirability of maintaining public confidence in the judicial process and that the appearance of impropriety, if uncorrected, may infect respect for the verdict of the jury. Woods, supra.

Without dispute, the principal juror had received during the trial an unauthorized communication that pertained to her serving as a juror on the trial then in progress; and although she testified she had an open mind and was not influenced by the communication, it was for the trial judge, who was on the scene and who saw and heard the witness, to determine whether under all the circumstances it was necessary to replace her on the ground that she had become unable to perform her duties satisfactorily. Winstead, supra; Woods, supra.

We find no abuse of discretion in the ruling of the court in this respect, nor do we find error in the judge's delay in replacing her from the second day of trial, when the event first came to his attention, to the third day immediately before the case was submitted to the jury. We are unable to assume that the excused juror improperly influenced the other jurors, especially in view of the court's instructions to the jury at the commencement of the trial that they were not to discuss the case among themselves until it was submitted to them for deliberation, and the absence of any intimation or suspicion of improper conduct on her part while on the jury.

As a ground for reversal, the appellant urges in this court that § 13A-5-6(a)(5), as amended, Code of Alabama 1975, under which he received a ten year sentence for a Class C felony involving the use of a firearm, is violative of the due process clause and the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

Section 6(a) is as follows:

"(a) Sentences for felonies shall be for a definite term of imprisonment, which imprisonment includes hard labor, within the following limitations:

"(1) For a Class A felony, for life or not more than 99 years or less than 10 years.

"(2) For a Class B felony, not more than 20 years or less than 2 years.

"(3) For a Class C felony, not more than 10 years or less than 1 year and 1 day.

"(4) For a Class A felony in which a firearm or deadly weapon was used or attempted to be used in the commission of the felony, not less than 20 years.

"(5) For a Class B or C felony in which a firearm or deadly weapon was used or attempted to be used in the commission of the felony, not less than 10 years."

Subdivisions (4) and (5), which require a mandatory minimum sentence when a firearm or deadly weapon is used or attempted to be used, were added by the legislature in an amendment effective May 27, 1981.

Specifically, the...