Rogers v. Jones

• Decision Date: 18 March 1976
• Citation: 128 Cal.Rptr. 404,56 Cal.App.3d 346
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Parties: John Howard ROGERS, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Evan V. JONES ace Auto Parks, Inc., Defendants and Appellants. Civ. 14097.

Page 404

128 Cal.Rptr. 404

56 Cal.App.3d 346

John Howard ROGERS, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Evan V. JONES ace Auto Parks, Inc., Defendants and Appellants.

Civ. 14097.

Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 1, California.

March 18, 1976.

Hearing Denied May 14, 1976.

Gray, Cary, Ames & Frye, by Terry D. Ross, San Diego, for defendants and appellants

Chase, Rotchford, Drukker & Bogust, by Roger J. Broderick and Dale W. Johnson, San Bernardino, for plaintiff and respondent.

OPINION

AULT, Associate Justice.

Plaintiff John Howard Rogers was injured in the San Diego Stadium parking lot when he went to the aid of a private patrolman who had been assaulted and knocked down by one of 53,000 fans leaving the stadium after a San Diego Charger football game. In this action for personal injuries, framed on the theory of negligent failure to control the crowd, a jury returned a verdict of $28,621 in his favor against the operator of the parking lot, Evan V. Jones Company, Inc. (Jones). The City of San Diego, the San Diego Chargers, Inc. and Tipton Patrol, Inc., originally named as defendants, had all been granted dismissals or nonsuits earlier in the proceedings. ¹ The assailant was also named as a defendant in the complaint, but he apparently was not served with process. The major problem presented on appeal is whether Jones, the parking lot operator, owed plaintiff a duty of care.

The stadium parking lot was designed, constructed and, at all times relevant, owned by the City of San Diego. At the time of Rogers' injury, Jones was under contractual obligation to the City to 'operate and manage' the parking facility, charging rates established by the city manager and paying the City 92.21% Of the gross income from such operations. The City retained the right to withdraw portions of the lot from parking use and agreed to provide ordinary maintenance. The agreement provided that the City should not be liable for any death, injury or damage from any cause whatsoever in the parking facility and required appellant to hold the City harmless from all such claims.

After entering the 'Operating Agreement' with the City, Jones entered into an oral agreement with Tipton Patrol, Inc. under which Tipton agreed to provide security services in the stadium parking lot by furnishing trained and qualified personnel.

Between the 1968 and 1969 football seasons, the City constructed a bus-taxi lane for a distance of 150 to 200 yards across the east side of the parking lot for the purpose of reducing traffic congestion and achieving a more efficient 'dump' of the parking lot. The lane was separated from the rest of the parking lot by stanchions and chains. At the first football game held after this installation, it was discovered that some patrons removed the barricades and drove out the special lane. To discourage this practice, the stanchions were spiked, the chains were padlocked, and Jones assigned more personnel to the area, instructing them to avoid confrontations but still maintain the lane. Thereafter the bus-taxi lane caused no particular problem, and there had been no reports of any fights or injuries in the parking lot area.

On the night of August 30, 1969 a preseason game between the Los Angeles Rams and the San Diego Chargers was held in the stadium and, as would then have been expected, there was a sell-out crowd of 53,000 fans. During the afternoon it was learned President Nixon and his party would attend the game, arriving by helicopters and buses to be parked in the stadium lot.

While the crowd was arriving, Jones used 80 of its own employees ('whitecoats') and 15 Tipton men to direct the cars to parking spaces and to collect the parking fees. When the crowd was leaving after the game, the crew had been reduced to 15 'whitecoats' and three Tipton men, two of whom were assigned to direct traffic by the bus-taxi lane. This was as many as Jones had ever used during the 'dump' operation. Doubtless because of Nixon's visit, the number of police cars on the lot had been increased from the usual 50 to 90. The officers were assigned to provide protection for the presidential party and to regulate traffic on the public streets leading to and from the stadium and into the parking area itself.

When the game was over, the crowd left the stadium for the parking lot in a rush, as had been expected. Undoubtedly, the congestion and the delay in emptying the parking lot was increased by the presence of the presidential party and the precautionary measures taken by the public authorities to insure its safe and rapid departure from the area. Moments before the incident involving plaintiff's injury, a parking lot attendant working in another section of the bus-taxi lane was struck by a spectator and received a broken nose. Some people, impatient to leave, started knocking over stanchions so they could drive out the bus lane. Patrolman Davis, an employee of Tipton, kept replacing the stanchions as fast as they were knocked over, but he did not call for assistance. Rogers got out of his car to see what was happening. At this point, someone suddenly knocked Davis down, and Rogers immediately grabbed the assailant. During the brief scuffle with the assailant which followed, Rogers' right wrist was fractured.

At trial Rogers testified in his opinion the man just wanted to harass somebody in uniform and that he must have been under the influence of alcohol. Several witnesses testified Jones did a 'superior' job of managing the parking facility at the stadium.

Appealing from the $28,621 judgment, Jones does not contest the extent of Rogers' injury but raises issues bearing on its liability.

DISCUSSION

Liability founded upon a claim of negligence cannot exist unless a duty of care is owed by the alleged wrongdoer to the person injured, or the class of which the injured person is a member (Richards v. Stanley, 43 Cal.2d 60, 63, 271 P.2d 23; Nevarez v. Thriftimart, Inc., 7 Cal.App.3d 799, 803, 87 Cal.Rptr. 50). While the determination of duty is primarily a question of law for the court, its existence may frequently rest upon the foreseeability of the risk of harm. Unless the facts present a situation about which reasonable minds cannot differ, foreseeability of harm is a question of fact to be determined by the jury (Weirum v. RKO General, Inc., 15 Cal.3d 40, 46, 123 Cal.Rptr. 468, 539 P.2d 36; Richards v. Standley, supra, 43 Cal.2d 60, 66, 271 P.2d 23; Wright v. Arcade School Dist., 230 Cal.App.2d 272, 276--277, 40 Cal.Rptr. 812).

Here, a finding that plaintiff was exposed to an unreasonable risk of harm is implicit in the jury's favorable verdict. Defendant contends this implicit but essential finding is not supported by the evidence.

As operator of the stadium parking lot, defendant Jones owed a general duty to exercise ordinary care in the management of the premises to avoid exposing persons who came upon the property in the course of its operation of the parking lot to the unreasonable risk of harm (Rowland v. Christian, 69 Cal.2d 108, 118, 70 Cal.Rptr. 97, 443 P.2d 561; Taylor v....