Ruiz v. State

• Decision Date: 12 January 2011
• Docket Number: No. 4D09-1544.,4D09-1544.
• Citation: 50 So.3d 1229
• Parties: Freddie RUIZ, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

50 So.3d 1229

Freddie RUIZ, Appellant,

v.STATE of Florida, Appellee.

No. 4D09-1544.

District Court of Appeal of Florida,

Fourth District.

Jan. 12, 2011.

Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, and Narine N. Austin, Assistant Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Melynda L. Melear, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.

GROSS, C.J.

This case is a paradigm for a type of case that is common in our courts, where "consent" to a search is found under objectively questionable circumstances.

Freddie Ruiz was charged with trafficking in cocaine and possession of cannabis. He moved to suppress, alleging that the evidence was the product of an unlawful search and seizure. The trial court denied the dispositive motion and Ruiz now has appealed to this court.

At the hearing on the motion, detectives testified they received an anonymous tip that a person with dreadlocks was selling narcotics from a certain apartment. The same afternoon that the police received the tip, two detectives drove to the location and parked across the street. After a few minutes, Ruiz left the apartment. He had dreadlocks.

The detectives drove their unmarked car into the parking lot of the complex. They got out of their car and "nonchalantly" or "casually" approached Ruiz. One detective "calmly" asked Ruiz his name and he "calmly" replied that it was "Freddie" and that "he had his identification in his apartment, if [the officer] would like to see it." One detective said that he wanted to see it and Ruiz led the two law enforcement agents up to his apartment. Ruiz went inside and "motioned" or "nodded" at the detectives to enter, so they went inside. Ruiz walked through the living room into the bedroom; one detective followed and waited at the entrance to the bedroom. From this vantage point, the detective saw a scale and silver spoon with cocaine residue in the scoop part of the spoon. The detective asked Ruiz if the substance was cocaine, and Ruiz admitted it was. The detectives then "detained" Ruiz and read him his Miranda rights. Ruiz was most cooperative—he told them that additional cocaine was located in a Barbasol shaving cream can and "weed" was inside his dresser drawer.

Ruiz also testified at the suppression hearing. His version of events differed substantially from that of the detectives. Ruiz was on his way back from the store when three officers stopped their vehicle in front of him, jumped out with their guns drawn, and told him not to move. Ruiz didnot think he was free to leave. One officer frisked him and asked for his identification. Ruiz said he did not have any identification and the police said they would arrest him if he could not produce some identification. Ruiz said that his identification was in his apartment. The officers escorted him to his apartment. After he opened the door, the officers went inside and searched through everything. Ruiz did not give the officers permission to enter his residence.

The trial judge found the officers "very credible" and Ruiz's "testimony" "not credible." Based on the "totality of the circumstances," the court found that "this was a citizen's encounter" where Ruiz "allowed" the police to "come in" to his apartment.

In reviewing an order on a motion to suppress, an appellate court defers to the trial court's factual findings but reviews de novo the application of the law to the facts. E.g., Pantin v. State, 872 So.2d 1000, 1002 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004). A search conducted pursuant to consent is an exception to the Fourth Amendment requirements of a warrant or probable cause. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973). Where consent to a search is the issue, "the State has the burden of proving that the necessary consent was obtained and that it was freely and voluntarily given, a burden that is not satisfied by showing a mere submission to a claim of lawful authority." Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 497, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983). The state must prove voluntariness by a preponderance of the evidence, Jorgenson v. State, 714 So.2d 423, 426 (Fla.1998), but if there has been an illegal detention, the state must establish by clear and convincing evidence that the consent was not a product of the illegal police action. Reynolds v. State, 592 So.2d 1082, 1086 (Fla.1992).

Whether consent is voluntary is a question of fact to be determined from the totality of the circumstances. McDonnell v. State, 981 So.2d 585, 588 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008). "Consent to search may be in the form of conduct, gestures, or words." State v. Gamez, 34 So.3d 245, 247 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010). To decide whether a consent is voluntary, courts consider a number of factors, including the time and place of the encounter, the number of police officers present, the officers' words and actions, and the age, education, or mental condition of the person detained. Hardin v. State, 18 So.3d 1246, 1248 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009); State v. Evans, 9 So.3d 767, 769 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009). "[A] private home, as here, is an area where a person enjoys the highest reasonable expectation of privacy under the Fourth Amendment[.] [S]ee, e.g., Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 585, 589-90, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 63 L.Ed.2d 639, (1980). [Therefore,] the factors bearing on the voluntariness of a consent to search a home must be scrutinized with special care." Gonzalez v. State, 578 So.2d 729, 734 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991) (parallel citations omitted). Central to the idea of a consensual encounter "is the notion that if a reasonable person would feel free to end the police encounter, but does not, and is not compelled by the police to remain and continue the interaction, then he or she has consented to the encounter." Golphin v. State, 945 So.2d 1174, 1182 (Fla.2006).

Over time, the concept of "consent" to a search has become divorced from its common meaning. In the Fourth Amendment context, "consent" has come to mean that set of circumstances that the law will tolerate as an exception to the probable cause or warrant requirement. What passes for "consent" today would not have survived a motion to suppress 25 years ago. Now, even aggressive conduct by the police will not necessarily vitiate"consent" when viewed as a part of the "totality of the circumstances." Thus, in Golphin v. State, the Supreme Court rejected the concept that, as a matter of law, an otherwise consensual encounter matures into a seizure when an officer retains a person's identification to conduct a check for outstanding warrants. Id. at 1187-89. Similarly, in Caldwell v. State, 41 So.3d 188 (Fla.2010), the Supreme Court held that the administration of Miranda warnings, as a matter of law, does not transform a consensual encounter into a seizure. Under Golphin and Caldwell, the challenged police conduct was but one factor to be considered in the totality of the circumstances.

The "totality of the circumstances" approach has expanded the concept of "consent" in a way that has had a significant effect on the administration of criminal justice. It allows a trial court to rely on other factors that swallow aggressive police conduct and contract the limits of Fourth Amendment protection.

In many cases, the police rely upon a defendant's voluntary consent to justify a search or a stop. One possibility is that citizens, especially those involved in crimes, have a desire to cooperate with the police to avoid making waves. Another possibility, far more sinister, is that the police have come to recognize that "consent" is the catch-all exception to the Fourth Amendment, so they tailor their testimony accordingly.

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