Smith v. Chase

• Decision Date: 05 June 1926
• Parties: SMITH v. CHASE, Sheriff of Dade County.
• Court: Florida Supreme Court

109 So. 94

91 Fla. 1044

SMITH v. CHASE, Sheriff of Dade County.

Florida Supreme Court, Division B.

June 5, 1926

Error to Circuit Court, Dade County; A. J. Rose, Judge.

Habeas corpus proceeding by A. E. Smith against Henry R. Chase, as sheriff of Dade County. The petitioner was remanded to custody, and he brings error.

Reversed.

COUNSEL

Loftin, Stokes & Calkins, of Miami, for plaintiff in error.

J. B Johnson, Atty. Gen., and Roy Campbell, Asst. Atty. Gen., for defendant in error.

OPINION

WHITFIELD P.J.

In habeas corpus proceedings before the circuit judge, the petitioner, charged with the statutory offense of aiding in the publication of a false, written statement or representation concerning land, under chapter 10233, Acts of 1925, was remanded to custody and was allowed and took writ of error.

It is argued that section 11 of the statute is invalid because in violation of section 16, art. 3, Constitution in that the title contains a subject affecting real estate brokers and real estate salesmen, while the provision defining this offense is a separate subject applicable to persons generally, and is not properly connected with the subject expressed in the title of the act, and that the information is fatally defective.

The title of chapter 10233 and section 11 thereof involved herein are as follows:

'An act providing for the licensing, regulating and registering of and defining the terms 'real estate brokers' and 'real estate salesmen,' empowering the county judges to grant, suspend or revoke licenses and prescribing the procedure, creating the real estate brokers' registration board, providing for appointment of its members, its powers and duties, providing for its expenses to be paid out of the 'real estate brokers' registration fund' herein created, prescribing certain offenses and the penalties for violating the provisions thereof.'

'Sec. 11. Every officer, agent or employee of any company, and every other person who knowingly authorizes, directs or aids in the publication, advertising, distribution or circulation of any false written statement or representation concerning any land or subdivision thereof offered for sale, and every person who with knowledge that any advertisement, pamphlet, representation or letter concerning any said land or subdivision contains any written state ment that is false or fraudulent, issues, circulates, publishes or distributes the same, or shall cause the same to be issued, published or distributed, or who, in any other respect willfully violates or fails to comply with any of the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished as hereinafter provided. It shall be the duty of the county solicitor and state's attorney, in and for each county, to prosecute all violations.'

The Constitution contains the following:

'Each law enacted in the Legislature shall embrace but one subject and matter properly connected therewith, which subject shall be briefly expressed in the title.' Section 16, art. 3.

The purposes of the first clause of section 16, art. 3, of the state Constitution, are singleness of the subject of a legislative enactment and to require the title of an act to give fair and reasonable notice to the legislators and the public of the nature of the provisions contained in the act. The subject of an enactment may be as broad or as restrictive as the Legislature may determine, in the absence of controlling organic provisions. The subject expressed in the title may be broader or more comprehensive than the subject covered by the provisions of the act; but the subject expressed in the title should not be less comprehensive than the subject contained in the body of the act.

All the provisions contained in an act must be of such a nature as to be fairly included within the subject expressed in the title of the act, or be matters properly connected with the subject expressed in the title; otherwise, the required notice would not be duly given of the contemplated enactments and the quoted organic provision would be violated. The title should at least be sufficient to put all interested persons on notice that would reasonably lead to inquiry as to the contents of the act; and when the title is restrictive, matters not a part of or properly connected with such restrictive subject, as it is reasonably and fairly understood, cannot be incorporated in the act without violating the organic provision.

The title to chapter 10233 expresses a number of matters, all of which, including the offenses and penalties, may relate to the limited subject of licensing and regulating 'real estate brokers' and 'real estate salesmen'; while section 11 of the act defines a crime of general application to all persons, which provision is broader than the subject expressed in the title and is not matter properly connected with the narrower subject expressed in the title. See Ex parte Knight, 52 Fla. 144, 41 So. 786, 120 Am. St. Rep. 191; State ex rel. Gonzalez v. Palmes, 23 Fla. 620, 3 So. 171; Savannah, F. & W. Ry. Co. v. Geiger, 21 Fla. 669, 58 Am. Rep. 697.

The Constitution only requires the subject of a legislative act to be 'briefly' expressed in the title; but an elaborate title may not violate the Constitution if it expresses only a single subject. The title need not be an index to the contents of the act; and the title need not express or refer to matters that are properly connected with the subject expressed in the title; but the title must not express two distinct subjects; and the act must not contain any provision that is not covered by the single subject expressed in the title or that is not matter properly connected with or germane to the subject that is stated in the title.

A wide latitude must of necessity be accorded the Legislature in its enactments of law; and it must be a plain case of violating the requirements of the organic law as to titles of acts before the courts will nullify statutes or portions thereof as not being within the purpose and scope of the subject as expressed in the title and of 'matter properly connected therewith.' Butler v. Perry, 67 Fla. 405, 66 So. 150.

But where it clearly appears that matter contained in the body of an act does not relate to the subject, whether restricted or broad, that is expressed in the title or is not matter properly connected with such subject, it is the duty of the court, in appropriate proceedings, to so adjudicate, whereupon the Constitution, by its own dominant force, renders inoperative such provision. Carr v. Thomas, 18 Fla. 736; Wade v. Atlantic Lumber Co., 51 Fla. 628, 41 So. 72.

Provisions that are necessary incidents to, or that tend to make effective or to promote, the object and purpose of the legislation that is included in the subject expressed in the title of the act, may be regarded as matter properly connected with the subject of the act, as in People v Newcom, 318 Ill. 188, 149 N.E. 269; but, where such provisions constitute a broader or an essentially different subject that is not properly connected with the stated subject of the act, such provisions violate section 16, art. 3, of the Constitution, and are inoperative. See Prairie Pebble Phosphate Co. v....