Smith v. Com.

• Decision Date: 18 April 2000
• Docket Number: Record No. 0887-99-4.
• Citation: 32 Va. App. 228,527 S.E.2d 456
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals
• Parties: Patricia A. SMITH v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

527 S.E.2d 456

32 Va. App. 228

Patricia A. SMITH v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 0887-99-4.

Court of Appeals of Virginia, Alexandria.

April 18, 2000.

Mark J. Yeager, Fairfax, for appellant.

Donald E. Jeffrey, III, Assistant Attorney General (Mark L. Earley, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Present: ELDER, ANNUNZIATA and FRANK, JJ.

ELDER, Judge.

Patricia A. Smith (appellant) appeals from her bench trial conviction for driving while intoxicated in violation of Code § 18.2-266, her third such offense within five years. On appeal, she contends the trial court erred in admitting evidence of her blood alcohol concentration because her arrest was invalid and, therefore, did not support the taking of the sample under Virginia's implied consent law. We hold that appellant's arrest was valid because it occurred at the scene of the accident within the meaning of Code § 19.2-81, and we affirm her conviction.

I. FACTS

On appeal of a criminal conviction, we view the facts in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. See Higginbotham v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 534, 537 (1975)

. So viewed, the Statement of Facts filed in this case indicates that on April 8, 1998, appellant drove her car from the eastbound lane of Manchester Boulevard in Fairfax County onto the curb, striking a street sign at the intersection of Manchester Boulevard and Manchester Lakes Drive. Appellant backed up but hit the sign again. She eventually returned to the roadway, turned right onto Manchester Lakes Drive, and brought her car to a stop in front of a townhouse located in a cul-de-sac about 100 yards away. Uncontradicted evidence established that the location where appellant brought her vehicle to a stop was visible from the intersection where the downed sign was located.

Off-duty Sheriff's Deputy Wrenn observed appellant's vehicle leave the roadway. He spoke briefly to appellant before she pulled away from the sign, asking her if she was hurt. She did not respond. At the same time, a tow truck passed Wrenn and offered assistance. Wrenn told the driver to follow appellant's car. The tow truck driver followed appellant to the spot where she parked, pulled in behind appellant and took her keys. Wrenn followed appellant and the tow truck on foot, catching up with them about a minute later.

Deputy Wrenn did not identify himself to appellant as a law enforcement officer and did not exercise his authority as an officer because Officer Lucas, responding to a citizen complaint that a vehicle had felled the sign, arrived on the scene quickly thereafter. Lucas said appellant bore no visible injuries but appeared "out of it" — her eyes were glazed, she had a slight odor of alcohol about her person, she "took time to process things," her speech was "slow and methodical," and her movements were "slow and uneasy." She admitted having consumed alcohol "earlier." Lucas arrested appellant for driving while intoxicated and misdemeanor "Hit and Run." Subsequent blood alcohol concentration testing showed a level of .26%.

The Commonwealth disposed of the hit and run charge by nolle prosequi. At trial on the charge of driving while intoxicated, appellant objected to admission of the blood alcohol test results into evidence on the ground that Officer Lucas lacked authority to make the warrantless arrest because the misdemeanor offense did not occur in Lucas' presence and because Lucas did not arrest her at the scene of the accident. The trial court denied the motion, ruling that appellant's striking the sign, fleeing the scene and parking her vehicle at the scene of the arrest were "all part of the same transaction." Appellant made the same argument in her motions to strike and in a subsequent motion to set aside her conviction.

II. ANALYSIS

Pursuant to Code § 19.2-81, a police officer "may arrest, without a warrant, any person who commits any crime in the presence of the officer and any person whom he has reasonable grounds or probable cause to suspect of having committed a felony not in his presence." Ordinarily, an officer may effect a warrantless arrest for a misdemeanor only if the offense was committed in his presence. See Durant v. City of Suffolk, 4 Va.App. 445, 447-48, 358 S.E.2d 732, 733-34 (1987)

. The statute provides certain exceptions, including one for automobile accidents involving misdemeanors:

[An] officer may, at the scene of any accident involving a motor vehicle, ... or at any hospital or medical facility to which any person involved in such accident has been transported, ... on any of the highways... of the Commonwealth, upon reasonable grounds to believe, based upon personal investigation, including information obtained from eyewitnesses, that a crime has been committed by any person then and there present, apprehend such person without a warrant of arrest.

Code § 19.2-81 (emphasis added).

Code § 18.2-268.2, Virginia's "implied consent" law, provides as follows:

Any person ... who operates a motor vehicle upon a highway ... in this Commonwealth shall be deemed thereby, as a condition of such operation, to have consented to have samples of his blood, breath, or both blood and breath taken for a chemical test to determine the alcohol, drug, or both alcohol and drug content of his blood, if he is arrested for violation of § 18.2-266 or § 18.2-266.1 or of a similar ordinance within two hours of the alleged offense.

Code § 18.2-268.2(A). If the blood or breathalyzer test reveals a blood alcohol concentration of .08% or more, the Commonwealth is entitled to a rebuttable presumption that the person was intoxicated. See Code § 18.2-269; Castillo v. Commonwealth, 21 Va.App. 482, 486, 465 S.E.2d 146, 148 (1995). However, for an arrestee to be deemed to have given implied consent under Code § 18.2-268.2, the arrest must have been lawful. See Durant, 4 Va.App. at 448-49,

358 S.E.2d at 734. If the arrest is not lawful, consent for blood alcohol testing is not implied, and the results of any such test are not admissible for the purpose of providing a rebuttable presumption of intoxication. See Castillo, 21 Va.App. at 487-93,

465 S.E.2d at 148-52; Durant, 4 Va.App. at 448-49,

358 S.E.2d at 734. Therefore, because the misdemeanor offenses for which appellant was arrested were not committed in the presence of the arresting officer,¹ the warrantless arrest was lawful and the certificate admissible only if the arrest occurred "at the scene of [the] accident." Code § 19.2-81.

Appellant contends that her arrest did not occur at the scene of the accident within the meaning of Code § 19.2-81.² The word "scene" is not defined in the statute, and we have not previously had occasion to consider the scope of an officer's authority to make a warrantless arrest "at the scene of any accident." Cf. Duck v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 567, 573, 383 S.E.2d 746, 749 (1989)

(noting that record was insufficient for court to determine whether trooper's action in stopping accused, whom she saw leave accident and travel as passenger in an uninvolved vehicle to a location less than half a mile away, "and `escorting' him back to the scene of the accident constituted an arrest away from the scene of the accident, exceeding her authority under Code § 19.2-81 to make a warrantless arrest").

We are guided by principles of statutory construction. Although penal statutes should be strictly construed, this principle does not "entitle[ ] [an accused] to a favorable result based upon an unreasonably restrictive interpretation of the statute." Ansell v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 759, 761, 250 S.E.2d 760, 761 (1979). "[A] statute should be read to give reasonable effect to the words used `and to promote the ability of the enactment to remedy the mischief at which it is directed.'" Mayhew v. Commonwealth, 20 Va.App. 484, 489, 458 S.E.2d 305, 307 (1995) (quoting Jones v. Conwell, 227 Va. 176, 181, 314 S.E.2d 61, 64 (1984)). A statute should, if possible, be construed to "`effect rather than defeat a legislative purpose evident from the history of the legislation.'" Scott v. Scott, 16 Va.App. 815, 819, 433 S.E.2d 259, 262 (1993) (quoting Ambrogi v. Koontz, 224 Va. 381, 389, 297 S.E.2d 660, 664 (1982)).

Here, it is evident that the legislature intended for the provisions of Code § 19.2-81, inter alia, to facilitate the timely arrest of persons in motor vehicle accidents involving alcohol or other intoxicants so that they may be tested under the implied consent law to determine their blood alcohol content. Code § 19.2-81 currently provides that an officer may, under certain circumstances, effect a warrantless arrest of a person "at the scene of any [motor vehicle] accident ... or at any hospital or medical facility to which any person involved in such accident has been transported" if the officer has "reasonable grounds to believe" the person has committed a crime.

Prior to 1985, the statute permitted arrest "at the scene of any accident" only. See 1985 Va. Acts ch. 507 (codified at § 19.2-81 (1983 Repl.Vol. & Supp.1985)). Under that version of the statute, the Virginia Supreme Court held that the hospital to which a driver injured in an accident was taken was not an extension of the accident scene. See Thomas v. Town of Marion, 226 Va. 251, 254, 308 S.E.2d 120, 122 (1983)

. As a result, it held that the officer's warrantless arrest of the driver at the hospital was invalid and that the implied consent law did not validate the blood alcohol analysis conducted after arrest. See id. In 1985, the legislature expanded the scope of Code § 19.2-81 to validate a post-accident arrest made at a hospital or medical facility, see 1985 Va. Acts ch. 507, implicitly acknowledging the need for prompt testing for intoxicants in certain accident cases.

A Delaware Superior Court has held, under a similar statute, that determining whether a warrantless arrest occurred "at the scene of a motor vehicle accident" is "a fact-based question whose answer will vary from...