Sorensen v. State
| Decision Date | 12 April 1972 |
| Docket Number | No. 44686,44686 |
| Citation | 478 S.W.2d 532 |
| Parties | Robert SORENSEN, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee. |
| Court | Texas Court of Criminal Appeals |
Davis Bragg, Killeen, for appellant.
Stanley Kacir, Dist. Atty., William T. Wilson, Asst. Dist. Atty., Belton, and Jim D. Vollers, State's Atty., Robert A. Huttash, Asst. State's Atty., Austin, for the State.
DALLY, Commissioner.
The conviction is for the possession of marihuana; the punishment, three years imprisonment.
The appellant entered a plea of not guilty before the court. The sufficiency of the evidence is not challenged. The record reflects that no search warrant was issued. The marihuana admitted into evidence was obtained with the full cooperation of appellant's parents pursuant to a 'consent to search' form, signed by both of appellant's parents. Appellant and his parents were present at the time the marihuana was obtained by the officers.
Appellant seeks to raise the issue of the lawfulness of a search and seizure made where consent was given by a third party. 1
The appellant, twenty years of age at the time the marihuana was seized, contends that he had been emancipated, that he was no longer under his parents' control, and that he had rented the bedroom from his parents, thereby creating a landlord-tenant relationship between himself and his parents. He therefore asserts that they could not give consent to the search of the bedroom.
Appellant urges the following evidence supports his contention: he had been away from his home working for approximately three years; he had returned approximately three weeks before his arrest; and he had agreed with his parents that as soon as he become employed he would pay them $10.00 rental per seek for the room. Appellant got a job and had started working the day he was arrested. While he had made no payments to his parents, his mother was holding the paycheck that he had received from his employer for the work performed the day he was arrested.
The record shows that on September 21, 1970, appellant's mother entered his room to put two clean shirts in his closet. While hanging the shirts up she noticed an unusual odor. She believed the odor to be that of marihuana, which she had had occasion to smell before. Appellant's mother testified, 'I took it upon myself to look and see if I could find it, to see if it was there, and I did find it myself there.' She stated that she left it where she had found it, undisturbed, over the weekend, assuming that appellant would tell her about it or dispose of it. Sometime thereafter she decided to talk to the family minister. She took some of the green substance with her in order to be certain it was marihuana. Appellant's mother stated that she then had occasion to go to Killeen Police Department, thinking 'under the circumstances that existed this would be my only alternative,' whereupon she executed a 'consent to search' form for the Sorensen residence. The form was also signed by appellant's father.
Officer Cox, Killeen Police Department, testified that the officers made a cursory search of the rest of the Sorensen's three-bedroom, one-bathroom home, then went to appellant's room, which was not separated from the rest of the house, 'because we knew where it was on the inside of the house anyway.' The officers found a brown jacket in appellant's closet. In the inside pocket were a plastic bag containing marihuana, a green bottle containing marihuana, a clear bottle containing marihuana seeds, and four hypodermic needles. Appellant, who was present, was then arrested.
'Fourth Amendment rights are personal rights which, like some other constitutional rights, may not be vicariously asserted.' 2 Neither are we inclined to believe that they may be vicariously waived. 3 The 'Fourth Amendment protects people--and not simply 'areas' . . .' 4 and its protection 'depends not upon a property right in the invaded place but upon whether the area was one in which there was a reasonable expectation of freedom from governmental intrusion.' 5
Appellant's mother testified that appellant was not treated any differently from any other member of the family, and that the appellant's fifteen-year-old brother had the same rights of control of his room as did appellant. She stated that had appellant failed to pay the rent he would not have been evicted. She testified that on occasion she cleaned the appellant's room and picked up after him, although it was only infrequently. She had never been instructed to stay out of his room and it was customary for her to take the laundry she did for appellant into the room.
While we observe that Fourth Amendment rights are not to depend solely upon 'subtle distinctions, developed and refined by the common law in evolving the body of private property law . . .', 6 we do not find that the 'area' in which the marihuana was found was reserved to the use of appellant to the exclusion of all others. It is clear that appellant's mother, who had equal, if not superior right to be on the premises, was not restricted in any way from being in this 'area.' On the contrary, appellant's mother was in both his room and the closet in question with some regularity as a matter of course. Appellant had no 'reasonable expectation of privacy' in this particular 'area.' His mother had a right to be where the marihuana was found, she could consent to a search of that area, and her consent would vitiate the need for any search warrant and would be binding upon anyone having rights in that 'area.' See Frazier v. Cupp, 394 U.S. 731, 89 S.Ct. 1420, 22 L.Ed.2d 684 (1969).
We further point out that under the facts presented we find neither an unreasonable search and seizure nor any governmental intrusion. In Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971), the accused argued that his wife was without authority to consent to a search of their home. The Supreme Court, in addressing itself to this issue, noted that two plainclothes policemen went to the residence where the accused and his wife lived. After having asked questions regarding the accused's whereabouts on...
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Becknell v. State
...analyzing the right of a parent to consent to a search of a room exclusively used and controlled by adult progeny, Sorensen v. State, 478 S.W.2d 532 (Tex.Cr.App.1972), we may agree that on the narrow facts of the case that the third party here did not exercise equal control over and equal u......
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People v. Nunn
...at the time the officers commence the search.' Texas follows basically the same use and occupancy test as Illinois (Sorensen v. State (Tex.Cr.App.1972), 478 S.W.2d 532), but the court noted in Sorensen at page 533, in upholding a search of the mother's house with her consent, that 'She had ......
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Hubert v. State
...Merits, at 4. 31 State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856, n. 22 (Tex.Crim.App.2000). 32 Hubert, 286 S.W.3d at 489. 33 See Sorensen v. State, 478 S.W.2d 532 (Tex. Crim.App.1972) (holding that twenty-year-old appellant's mother had authority to consent to a search of son's bedroom where appellant h......
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Lowery v. State
...the risk that Rawls would allow someone else to look inside.' 394 U.S. 731 at 740, 89 S.Ct. 1420 at 1425. This Court, in Sorensen v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 478 S.W.2d 532, recognized that the Fourth Amendment's protection 'depends not upon a property right in the invaded place but upon whether......