State v. Bauers

• Citation: 23 Wn.2d 462,161 P.2d 139
• Decision Date: 02 August 1945
• Docket Number: 29509.
• Parties: STATE v. BAUERS.
• Court: United States State Supreme Court of Washington

161 P.2d 139

23 Wn.2d 462

STATE v. BAUERS.

No. 29509.

Supreme Court of Washington

August 2, 1945

Department 2.

Thomas F. Bauers was convicted of second-degree murder. Defendant's motion for a new trial was granted, and the State appeals.

Order granting a new trial reversed.

Appeal from Superior Court, King County; James B. Kinne, judge.

Lloyd Shorett and John J. Kennett, both of Seattle, for appellant.

Henry Clay Agnew, of Seattle, for respondent.

BLAKE, Justice.

The defendant, Bauers, was charged with first-degree murder and convicted of second. He interposed a motion for a new trial upon five of the statutory grounds delimited by Rem.Rev.Stat § 2181, among which he specified subd. 5: 'Error of law occurring at the trial and excepted to by the defendant.' (Italics ours.) The court entered an order granting the motion ' upon the following grounds and no others, to-wit:

'1. That the Court erred in submitting to the jury the issue of the guilt of the Defendant of murder in the second degree the Court being of the opinion that the evidence did not justify the submission of second degree murder for the reasons set forth more fully in the Court's oral decision.

'2. That Plaintiff's attorney was guilty of misconduct in his closing argument to the jury by making remarks concerning the testimony of certain Seattle police officers, which remarks were prejudicial to the defendant for the reasons set forth more fully in the Court's oral decision.'

The state has appealed from the order.

Although respondent suggests that reference to the court's oral decision will disclose that the order was made in the exercise of the court's discretionary power, we think the order is clearly one based upon specific grounds, the essence of which are: (1) That error of law occurred at the trial in submitting second-degree murder to the jury; and (2) misconduct of counsel in his closing argument to the jury. Indeed, the court declared in its order that a new trial was granted on these grounds 'and no others.' Reference to the oral decision can add nothing to the order. Morehouse v. City of Everett, 136 Wash. 112, 238 P. 897; Shook v. Hughes, 146 Wash. 134, 262 P. 142; Wood v. Hallenbarter, 12 Wash.2d 576, 122 P.2d 798.

When a motion for a new trial is granted upon specific grounds, stated in the order, the only question on appeal is whether such grounds are sufficient in law to justify the court in granting a new trial. If the grounds stated in the order are insufficient in law to sustain it, the order cannot stand. This court will not search the record to ascertain whether the order granting a new trial might be sustainable on other grounds or under the discretionary power of the court. Gardner v. Lovegren, 27 Wash. 356, 67 P. 615; Gray v. Washington Water Power Co., 27 Wash. 713, 68 P. 360; Lawrence v. Pederson, 34 Wash. 1, 74 P. 1011; Grant v. Huschke, 70 Wash. 174, 126 P. 416.

The scope of the appeal being thus limited, we are called upon to determine only (1) whether, under Rem.Rev.Stat. § 2181, 'error of law,' requiring that a new trial be granted, was committed by submitting second-degree murder to the jury; and (2) whether the misconduct of counsel, under the record made, constitutes a ground for granting a new trial.

First. Respondent took no exceptions to the instructions submitting second-degree murder to the jury. Clearly, under subd. 5 of § 2181, an 'error of law' is not a ground for a new trial unless exception is taken to it. We have repeatedly held that we cannot review errors directed against instructions to which no exceptions were taken at the trial. State v. Peeples, 71 Wash. 451, 129 P. 108; State v. Macleod, 78 Wash. 175, 138 P. 648; State v. Stratton, 170 Wash. 666, 17 P.2d 621; State v. Thomas, 8 Wash.2d 573, 113 P.2d 73; State v. Severns, 13 Wash.2d 542, 125 P.2d 659.

Second. What we have said in disposing of the first ground upon which the order granting a new trial was based, is, in large measure, applicable to the second.

Under our decisions, misconduct of counsel constitutes 'error of law,' to which exception must be taken. State v. Bailey, 31 Wash. 89, 71 P. 715; State v. Meyerkamp, 82 Wash. 607, 144 P. 942; State v. Stratton, supra; State v. Wright, 199 Wash. 521, 92 P.2d 247. Counsel for respondent made but one objection during the closing argument of counsel for the state.

Before adverting to it, we shall state briefly the facts upon which respondent was charged with murder and the theory of his defense. His wife died as the result of a wound inflicted by a bullet discharged from a rifle held in the hands of respondent. The charge of murder in the first degree was, of course, predicated on the theory that respondent discharged the rifle with the premeditated design to effect the death of his wife. He claimed that the rifle was accidently discharged while he was examining it and undertaking to explain its mechanism to his sister.

Counsel for respondent concluded his opening statement to the jury as follows:

'I have not attempted to cover all the evidence that will be presented; but the outline of the case is simply this: They had been quarreling, yes; but she wanted nothing from him except a request to pay for half of the divorce. He was about to go in the Army. It was just a matter then of three or four days for him to report. He sat for an hour in the attorney's office with her, hand in hand. They went out to lunch together, and he went to his little sister's, and this thing happened and it happened by accident, and every detective and officer in the city of Seattle thinks it was an accident. There is only one man in King County that thinks otherwise.' (Italics ours.)

Counsel maintained his thesis consistently (and quite vigorously) throughout the trial. On cross-examination of Captain Scrafford, of the homicide squad, who was called as a witness for the state, the following occurred:

'Q. You at that time told Mr. Houghton that 'this is the way I figured out it happened: it was an accident all right, but one of them must have had their hand on the trigger.' Didn't you say that? A. No, I don't think I said that.

'Q. What is that? A. No, I don't think I said that.

'Q. Well, isn't that in substance the way you did figure it out?

'Mr. Kennett: Objected to as calling for a conclusion. It is immaterial what this witness may have figured out. It is nothing but a conclusion.

'The Court: I think he may answer.

'A. I don't recall that.

'Q. (By Mr. Agnew) ...