State v. Block
Decision Date | 25 August 1992 |
Docket Number | No. 91-2499-CR,91-2499-CR |
Citation | 489 N.W.2d 715,170 Wis.2d 676 |
Parties | STATE of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Damone John BLOCK, d Defendant-Appellant. |
Court | Wisconsin Court of Appeals |
On behalf of the defendant-appellant, the cause was submitted on the briefs of Gary M. Luck of Brookfield.
On behalf of the plaintiff-respondent, the cause was submitted on the briefs of James E. Doyle, Atty. Gen., and William C. Wolford, Asst. Atty. Gen.
Before WEDEMEYER, P.J., and SULLIVAN and FINE, JJ.
Damone John Block appeals his conviction of second-degree murder in violation of section 940.02(1), Stats. (1985-86), and of unlawful possession of cocaine in violation of sections 161.16(2)(b)(1) and 161.41(3m), Stats. He raises two issues. First, the trial court failed to swear the jury prior to the receipt of evidence, and Block contends that this required a mistrial. Second, Block claims trial-court error in instructing the jury on the effect of alleged medical malpractice on his responsibility for the victim's death. We affirm.
Block's second-degree murder conviction is based on the death of his seventy-three year old grandmother, Perlean Stewart, whom he stabbed on October 5, 1987. Between the day she was stabbed and the day she died on December 24, 1987, Stewart was hospitalized three times and underwent three operations. She died from a pulmonary embolism. According to surgeons who treated her, the stabbing was a substantial factor in causing Stewart's death. Block, however, argued that negligence by Stewart's treating physicians caused her death.
As noted, the first claim of error is predicated on the trial court's failure to swear the jury prior to the start of the trial. Section 756.098(1)(a), Stats., provides In every case and in all courts the jurors selected to try the issues in the action or proceeding, civil or criminal, shall be sworn; and the oath may be administered in substantially the following form: Do you and each of you swear (or affirm) that you will well and truly try the issue joined between ..., plaintiff, and...., defendant, and, unless discharged by the court, a true verdict give, according to law and the evidence given in court, so help you God.
The jury was not sworn until six witnesses had already testified for the State. The trial court denied Block's motion for a mistrial, and proceeded as follows:
Every defendant in a criminal case has a fundamental right to have his or her guilt decided by "an impartial jury." U.S. CONST. amend. VI; Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 149, 88 S.Ct. 1444, 1447, 20 L.Ed.2d 491 (1968) ( ); WIS. CONST. art. I, § 7. The juror's oath is an integral element of this right:
The required oath is not a mere "formality" which is required only by tradition. The oath represents a solemn promise on the part of each juror to do his duty according to the dictates of the law to see that justice is done. This duty is not just a final duty to render a verdict in accordance with the law, but the duty to act in accordance with the law at all stages of trial. The oath is administered to insure that the jurors pay attention to the evidence, observe the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses and conduct themselves at all times as befits one holding such an important position.
People v. Pribble, 72 Mich.App. 219, 249 N.W.2d 363, 366 (1976) ( ). The oath, of course, must be administered before the trial begins. Ibid.
Whether a trial court's inadvertent failure to timely administer the required oath requires a mistrial is, understandably, an issue that has not arisen frequently. Nevertheless, we agree with the New Mexico Court of Appeals' observation that "where the jury is sworn during the trial, but prior to the commencement or [sic] deliberations upon the verdict, the error does not warrant reversal in the absence of prejudice." State v. Apodaca, 105 N.M. 650, 735 P.2d 1156, 1160 (App.1987); see also State v. Godfrey, 136 Ariz. 471, 666 P.2d 1080, 1081-1082 (App.1983); Cooper v. Campbell, 597 F.2d 628, 629 (8th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 852, 100 S.Ct. 106, 62 L.Ed.2d 69 ( ); United States v. Hopkins 458 F.2d 1353, 1354 (5th Cir.1972) ( ); cf. People v. Morales, 168 A.D.2d 85, 570 N.Y.S.2d 831, 832-833 (1991) ( ); State v. Roberge, 155 Vt. 121, 582 A.2d 142, 143-144 (1990) ( ); State v. Saybolt, 461 N.W.2d 729, 736-737 (Minn.App.1990) ( ). But see Steele v. State, 446 N.E.2d 353, 354 (Ind.App.1983) ( ). Although the trial court here could have in the reasoned exercise of its discretion granted defendant's mistrial motion, see Pribble, 249 N.W.2d at 366, and, depending on the circumstances, such a course might be advisable, Block--who also apparently did not realize timely that the jury had not been sworn--has not pointed to any resulting prejudice. Absent prejudice, reversal is not warranted.
Block's second claim of error focusses on the trial court's instruction to the jury on the effect of alleged medical malpractice on Stewart's death. One of Block's...
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