State v. Bost

• Decision Date: 02 September 1993
• Docket Number: C-3,89-3564-C-3
• Citation: 857 P.2d 132,317 Or. 538
• Parties: STATE of Oregon, Petitioner on Review, v. Dennis BOST, Respondent on Review. STATE of Oregon, Petitioner on Review, v. Glen BOST, Respondent on Review. CC 89-3565-; CA A63879 (Control), A64175; SC S39881.
• Court: Oregon Supreme Court

Page 132

857 P.2d 132

317 Or. 538

STATE of Oregon, Petitioner on Review, v. Dennis BOST, Respondent on Review.

STATE of Oregon, Petitioner on Review, v. Glen BOST, Respondent on Review.

CC 89-3565-C-3, 89-3564-C-3; CA A63879 (Control), A64175;

SC S39881.

Supreme Court of Oregon In Banc.

Argued and Submitted May 6, 1993.

Decided Sept. 2, 1993.

Rives Kistler, Asst. Atty. Gen., Salem, argued the cause for petitioner on review. On the petition were Michael C. Livingston, Asst. Atty. Gen., Charles S. Crookham, Atty. Gen., and Virginia L. Linder, Sol. Gen.

Steven Humber, Salem, argued the cause for respondents on review.

FADELEY, Justice.

Defendants in these consolidated cases contend that the police ¹ failed to comply with the requirements of Oregon's "knock-and-announce" statute, ORS 133.575(2), ² when entering premises to execute a search warrant. For that reason, defendants demand suppression of the evidence seized during the ensuing searches. The trial court and a divided Court of Appeals agreed with defendants. We conclude that the police did not violate ORS 133.575(2) in this case. We, therefore, reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and remand the case to the trial court to consider state and federal constitutional issues, asserted by defendants, that the trial court did not reach.

Defendants, Glen and Dennis Bost, are brothers. Glen is charged with manufacture of a controlled substance, marijuana, and Dennis is charged with manufacture of both marijuana and methamphetamine. Their arrests and indictments followed a search of premises pursuant to a search warrant. The search uncovered evidence of the charged crimes.

The trial court found that the manner of police entry violated the knock-and-announce statute. The court suppressed the evidence obtained from the search, concluding that the violation of the statute was "aggravated," because there was no justification for noncompliance with the statute. The state appealed, and the Court of Appeals affirmed in a 7-3 in banc decision. State v. Bost, 114 Or.App. 519, 837 P.2d 536 (1992). We allowed review with the intention to address the question whether, "aggravated" or otherwise, a violation of the knock-and-announce statute is a legal justification for imposition of the sanction of suppression of evidence. We now conclude however, that, under the facts of this case, it is unnecessary to address that question.

On review, we do not disturb the trial court's findings of historical facts if there is evidence in the record to support them. "If findings are not made on all such facts, and there is evidence from which such facts could be decided more than one way, we will presume that the facts were decided in a manner consistent with the ultimate conclusion * * * made by the trial court." Ball v. Gladden, 250 Or. 485, 487, 443 P.2d 621 (1968).

The police obtained a search warrant to search described premises for drugs. The premises included a main residence, a mobile home occupied by Glen and his mother, and a travel trailer, with a connected room added, which proved to be occupied by Dennis and a companion. A long driveway led to the main residence.

The police arrived at about 8 a.m. to execute the search warrant, proceeding in several vehicles down the driveway to the main residence and parking about seven to ten feet from the front door. One of the several police vehicles was a marked patrol car with a uniformed officer at the wheel. The mother testified that she saw the cars coming down the driveway about "five minutes" before the police entered the main residence. The police, including some officers arrayed in blue windbreakers with "OREGON STATE POLICE" displayed in yellow letters and in state police hats, were aware that occupants of that residence had seen them through the front window.

Police officers ran to the house, where they could see Glen and his mother eating and talking at the kitchen table. The police announced their identity and yelled "police with a search warrant." The trial court found that Glen and his mother "simply looked and stared at the police officers and their response was to freeze. The [police] didn't give these occupants a reasonable opportunity to open the door." Although there was conflicting testimony on the point, one officer testified that, after parking the cars, the police ran to the door (a screen door and a regular door) and began smashing it within 15 or 30 seconds of arrival. In addition, another officer testified that as little as five to ten seconds elapsed from the time the police knocked and yelled "police with a search warrant" until they began to kick in the door.

At about the same time that the officers went to the mobile home, another officer looked in a window of the travel trailer and saw furniture suggesting that it could be occupied. Dennis and a companion were asleep in the trailer. The companion testified that she heard a bang on the door and heard the police announce "Medford Police, open up, we have a search warrant." No more than two seconds elapsed before the police broke down the door of the trailer, where she was and where Dennis was asleep. ³

The parties, and the separate opinions in the Court of Appeals, dispute whether the "appropriate notice" required by ORS 133.575(2) mandates that the police give the occupants a reasonable opportunity to respond once the police have announced their presence, authority, and purpose and before the police may force entry. The trial court found that no such opportunity was provided to the residents of either part of the premises in this case. The parties also dispute whether exigencies, such as a concern for officer safety or a concern that evidence may be destroyed if entry is delayed, exist in this case to excuse the rapid, forcible entries. See generally State v. Ford, 310 Or. 623, 801 P.2d 754 (1990) (discussing the requirements of and exceptions to statutory knock-and-announce provisions). As to that latter dispute, the trial court found that there was "nothing in the evidence to suggest that the officers were concerned regarding their safety; that evidence was being destroyed; or any other reason to kick in the doors of the [premises]." We find it unnecessary to address the issue of possible exigencies, because we conclude that both courts below erred as to their disposition of this case under the "appropriate notice" issue in ORS 133.575(2).

As noted earlier, ORS 133.575(2) provides:

"The executing officer shall, before entering the premises, give appropriate notice of the identity, authority and purpose of the officer to the person to be searched, or to the person in apparent control of the premises to be searched, as the case may be."

Under that statute, the police are to give notice of three things, viz., identity, authority, and purpose. Notice of all three of those elements was given in this case.

As to "identity," the police identified themselves orally and, in this daylight search, visually as well, thus meeting that statutory requirement. Testimony of defendants'...