State v. Brower

• Decision Date: 05 June 1986
• Docket Number: No. 7814-7-II,7814-7-II
• Citation: 721 P.2d 12,43 Wn.App. 893
• Parties: STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Ted L. BROWER, Appellant.
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals

Page 893

43 Wn.App. 893

721 P.2d 12

STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Ted L. BROWER, Appellant.

No. 7814-7-II.

Court of Appeals of Washington Division 3, Panel Three.

June 5, 1986.

Robert A. Izzo, Tacoma, for appellant.

Teresa D. Jordon, Deputy Pros. Atty., Olympia, for respondent.

MUNSON, Judge. ^*

Ted L. Brower appeals his conviction for second degree assault. He contends: (1) the trial court erred in admitting evidence of a cocaine transaction between Claudia Hoyt and Richard Murray Murphy, because its probative value was outweighed by the possibility of undue prejudice; (2) the warrantless search of his truck for weapons was unlawful under article 1, section 7 of our constitution; (3) he was denied a fair trial because the State introduced certain inflammatory and irrelevant evidence; (4) an aggressor instruction to the jury was not supported by any factual basis in the record; and (5) the trial court erred in ordering the forfeiture of his .45 caliber handgun under RCW 9.41.098. In his pro se brief, Mr. Brower asserts his right to remain silent was violated when the State cross-examined him concerning the omission of certain specific facts in his postarrest statement to police, and his attorney ineffectively represented him at trial. We reverse and remand for new trial.

On January 16, 1984, Mr. Brower was charged by amended information with second degree assault, RCW 9A.36.020(1)(c), in connection with an incident on September 13, 1983, in which he allegedly assaulted Frederick Martin with a .45 caliber handgun. Sometime prior to the incident, Mr. Brower had loaned his pickup truck to Claudia Hoyt so she could find an apartment in Olympia. Miss Hoyt had been living at his residence during the past 3 months. Around 5:30 p.m. on September 12, she telephoned Mr. Brower in Oak Harbor and advised him she would be unable to return the truck that day, as planned, because it had been impounded. When Mr. Brower was unable to confirm this with the Olympia Police Department, he became concerned. When his 16-year old daughter arrived at his house about 9 p.m. with her boyfriend, Richard Murray Murphy, she advised her father Miss Hoyt had mentioned to her she might steal a vehicle and go to California.

Later that evening, Mr. Brower decided to go to Olympia to retrieve his truck. The Olympia Police Department had indicated the vehicle could not be reported stolen because it had been loaned. Mr. Murphy was similarly concerned about Miss Hoyt's intentions because she had 7.5 grams of cocaine they had purchased and which she agreed to sell in Olympia. Mr. Murphy accompanied Mr. Brower to recover his cocaine.

Because Messrs. Brower and Murphy feared Miss Hoyt or her friends might be armed, the two men decided to take their handguns. Mr. Brower had a concealed weapon permit; Mr. Murphy did not. Both men agreed the guns would only be used as a last resort.

Mr. Brower, his daughter, two other juvenile females, and Mr. Murphy left Oak Harbor around 11:30 p.m. and arrived at Miss Hoyt's apartment at approximately 1:30 a.m. Miss Hoyt, Mr. Martin, and a male occupant of the apartment were present at the time. Mr. Brower obtained the keys to his truck without incident. The truck had, in fact, been impounded, but was released sometime after Miss Hoyt telephoned Mr. Brower.

While waiting for his companions, Mr. Brower watched television. The three girls collected some clothing that belonged to one of them then went downstairs to remove Miss Hoyt's possessions from the truck. Mr. Murphy confronted Miss Hoyt about the cocaine which she later gave him; he refused to give her any of the cocaine.

Mr. Martin, who overheard their conversation, did not think this was fair and interceded on behalf of Miss Hoyt. Although Miss Hoyt told Mr. Martin not to pursue the matter, he became agitated and wanted to settle the matter outside with Mr. Murphy. When Messrs. Brower and Murphy were leaving, Mr. Martin followed them down the apartment stairs. Although Mr. Martin later testified he was upset, he denied making any threatening movements toward the men.

After Mr. Murphy passed Mr. Brower on the stairs, Mr. Brower turned, stuck his .45 caliber revolver in Mr. Martin's stomach, and told him to go back up to the apartment. Mr. Martin had not had any previous dispute with Mr. Brower until this time. Mr. Murphy was not aware Mr. Brower had pulled a gun; he was already outside the apartment building at the time of the alleged assault. Messrs. Brower and Murphy left in the truck; the three girls had left shortly before in the car used to get them to Olympia.

Returning to the apartment, Mr. Martin notified police about the assault and the cocaine, giving a description of the suspects and their vehicles. Both vehicles were later stopped by police at the same location on Interstate 5; Mr. Brower and Mr. Murphy were taken into custody. The handguns were seized from the truck.

At trial, Mr. Brower testified he pulled his gun in self-defense, claiming Mr. Martin acted aggressively when coming downstairs toward him; he drew his revolver only after he thought he saw a shiny object, possibly a knife, in Mr. Martin's hand. The jury found Mr. Brower guilty; by special verdict, he was found to be armed with a firearm at the time of the assault. Following the entry of judgment and sentence and denial of defendant's motion for new trial, this appeal was filed. Additional facts are set out below as they relate to the issues.

Initially, Mr. Brower challenges the admission of testimony of the cocaine transaction. Prior to trial, the State sought clarification from the court as to whether all references to the cocaine transaction would be excluded in light of its previous ruling suppressing the cocaine seized during the second search of the defendant's truck. ¹ State v. Ringer, 100 Wash.2d 686, 674 P.2d 1240 (1983). Defense counsel had stated, when arguing a separate matter, that she intended to elicit the facts surrounding the attitudes of certain State's witnesses about the defendant, including the "drug deal" between Mr. Murphy and Miss Hoyt, which "went sour."

In responding to the State's request for a clarification, the court stated:

My problem is whether it is inflammatory or not. If that is their allegation, if you are going to establish this transaction, it doesn't seem that that would be grounds whether you use the term "alleged cocaine". If this is the fact pattern that develops, the Court doesn't find that that would be grounds to not mention or keep out any reference to it. You could call it white powder.

* * *

If there is really a motion, if this motion is going to go beyond the motion that was made when we dismissed Count One of the Third Amended Information [i.e., first degree robbery], the Court does not feel under those circumstances it is going to suppress the reference to alleged cocaine, if that is going to be a matter.

At this time I don't see any reason why it would be kept out.

* * *

There will be no mention whatsoever of the fact that cocaine or alleged cocaine was found in the truck. That is suppressed.

Thereafter, defense counsel acknowledged references to the cocaine transaction could not be avoided:

It strikes me that we are at this point going to be trying a Second Degree Assault case on an individual named Fred Martin, and that which allegedly occurred on a stairwell. I would say if Mr. Murphy and Ms. Hoyt are still going to be testifying that obviously their dealings with one another are going to have to be delved into. That will include the fact that the pair of them conspired together to purchase cocaine.

I would agree that it should come in so long as it's confined to their dealings; and obviously that the seizure in my client's vehicle does not come in.

The court again stated this evidence was excluded; defense counsel continued:

Obviously I'm going to have to deal with Ms. Hoyt and Mr. Murphy's relationship with one another. That is unfortunately going to be coming in with the cocaine. I just want to say that for that purpose and that purpose only it would be appropriate.

On appeal, Mr. Brower challenges the admission of evidence of the cocaine transaction, claiming the court failed to articulate whether the inflammatory nature of the evidence was outweighed by its probative value. See ER 403. Assuming this contention was not effectively waived by counsel's remarks at trial, it is clear the facts surrounding the drug deal were an inseparable part of events leading to the alleged assault. As stated in State v. Tharp, 96 Wash.2d 591, 594, 637 P.2d 961 (1981):

[T]he uncharged crimes were an unbroken sequence of incidents tied to Tharp, all of which were necessary to be placed before the jury in order that it have the entire story of what transpired on that particular evening. Each crime was a link in the chain leading up to the murder and the flight therefrom. Each offense was a piece in the mosaic necessarily admitted in order that a complete picture be depicted for the jury. See E. Cleary, [McCormick on Evidence § 190,] at 448 & n. 34, 451 n. 46 [2d ed. 1972].

See also State v. Jordan, 79 Wash.2d 480, 482-83, 487 P.2d 617 (1971); State v. Niblack, 74 Wash.2d 200, 204-07, 443 P.2d 809 (1968); State v. Hatch, 63 Wash. 617, 618-19, 116 P. 286 (1911); State v. Burton, 27 Wash. 528, 532, 67 P. 1097 (1902); 5 K. Tegland, Wash. Prac., Evidence Law and Practice § 115 (1982).

Further, Mr. Brower can hardly claim prejudice since it was to his advantage to provide the jury with the whole picture surrounding his claim of self-defense and to discredit Mr. Murphy's and Miss Hoyt's testimonies in terms of their misconduct. There is also sufficient evidence in the record indicating the trial court considered the possible "inflammatory" nature of the testimony before allowing its admission. See State v. Bockman, 37 Wash.App. 474, 491, 682 P.2d 925, review denied, 102 Wash.2d 1002 (1984).

Throughout the...