State v. Brown, 97-2502

• Decision Date: 05 February 1999
• Docket Number: No. 97-2502,97-2502
• Citation: 725 So.2d 441
• Parties: STATE of Florida, Appellant, v. Joe Nathan BROWN, Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

725 So.2d 441

STATE of Florida, Appellant, v. Joe Nathan BROWN, Appellee.

No. 97-2502

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fifth District.

February 5, 1999.

Robert A. Butterworth, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Mary G. Jolley, Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, for Appellant.

James B. Gibson, Public Defender, and Brynn Newton, Assistant Public Defender, Daytona Beach, for Appellee.

W. SHARP, J.

The state appeals from the trial court's order, which suppressed Brown's blood alcohol test results¹ in his DUI manslaughter trial.²

The trial judge ruled that the police officer who ordered the blood test (Trooper Campbell), lacked probable cause to believe Brown was under the influence of alcoholic beverages at the time of the fatal collision between Brown's car and a bicyclist and thus Brown's blood was not properly taken and tested pursuant to section 316.1933(1). We reverse.

The suppression ruling came at an unusual time during this criminal prosecution, but we do not find that, by itself, is a basis to invalidate it. The motion to suppress was filed two days before the trial began. As the trial was commencing, the defense asked the court to rule on its suppression motion. The trial court observed the motion had been filed late, but went forth with picking the jury. The following day the judge heard the attorney's legal arguments and summaries of what the witnesses would testify about at trial, based on their depositions. He concluded the blood test results would be admitted, and the jury trial began.

During the state's opening statement, counsel said Brown's alcohol test would be placed in evidence and that it showed a level of .12. After hearing the testimony of three state witnesses, the trial judge began to question his ruling on the suppression motion. He excluded the jury and asked the state to proffer Trooper Campbell's testimony.

Campbell testified and was cross-examined by the defense. The court also asked him questions. It then ruled the blood test should be excluded. Because the test had been mentioned in the state's opening statement, the court gave Brown's defense counsel the option of proceeding with the trial with no further mention of the blood test, or granting the defense counsel's motion for a mistrial. The defense expressly waived double jeopardy should the ruling be appealed and overturned. The court declared a mistrial.

The trial judge made the following findings in its order:

There was no factual basis discernable from the circumstances of the accident or the Defendant's operation of his vehicle prior to the accident upon which a reasonable person could conclude the Defendant was under the influence of an alcoholic beverage at the time of the accident; ..and in addition [the motion is granted] for the reasons and conclusions previously stated in the record.

A copy of part of the trial transcript was attached, which contained the court's findings.

The judge stated he thought there were insufficient facts and circumstances known and available to Trooper Campbell to establish probable cause for him to reasonably conclude Brown was under the influence of alcohol at the time of the accident. He summarized the testimony as follows Brown was driving carefully and slowly when he hit a bicyclist traveling in his lane, on a dark night; the bicyclist was wearing dark clothing and his bicycle had no lights or reflectors; the odor of alcohol was detected on Brown's breath; there was a strong odor of alcohol in Brown's car; Brown was not given a roadside sobriety test; Brown admitted to Trooper Campbell he had consumed at least two beers; Brown appeared to be very emotionally upset by the accident; and Trooper Campbell, after ordering the blood test some three to four hours after the accident, did not arrest Brown for DUI, but allowed him to drive away.

At the close of the suppression hearing, the trial judge incorrectly said the Trooper testified he did not see that Brown had blood shot eyes. However, based on the trial transcript, the Trooper actually said: "... his eyes were blood shot."

The trial judge felt there had been little more than the odor of alcohol to establish Brown's impairment plus Brown's admission that he had consumed two beers. That, he felt, was not enough to show Brown was "under the influence" of alcohol.

Further, the trial judge was concerned and troubled by Trooper Campbell's testimony that although he thought he had probable cause to order the blood draw pursuant to section 316.1933(1), he did not think he had probable cause to arrest Brown for DUI. The trooper explained by saying that the case was a "border line" one for a DUI arrest, and if he had simply stopped Brown along the highway, he probably would not have arrested him.

Trooper Campbell also testified he was in doubt about arresting Brown at the accident scene and had telephoned the state attorney's office for advice. He was advised to follow "policy" and await the results of the blood test. He could then make an arrest for DUI.

Section 316.1933(1) provides in pertinent part:

[I]f a law enforcement officer has probable cause to believe that a motor vehicle driven by or in the actual physical control of a person under the influence of alcoholic beverages ... has caused the death or serious bodily injury of a human being, such person shall submit, upon the request of a law enforcement officer, to a test of the person's blood for the purpose of determining the alcoholic content thereof....

The statute does not define what is meant by "under the influence of alcoholic beverages," nor does it go on and say, as does section 316.193 to the extent that the person's "normal faculties are impaired."

We agree with the trial judge in this case that "under the influence" means something more than just having consumed an alcoholic beverage. But it also can mean something less than intoxicated. Rodriguez v. State, 694 So.2d 96 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997); Jackson v. State, 456 So.2d 916 (Fla. 1st DCA 1984). "Though all persons intoxicated by the use of alcoholic liquors are under the influence of intoxicating liquors, the reverse of the proposition is not true, for a person may be under the influence of intoxicating liquors without being intoxicated." Cannon v. State, 91 Fla. 214, 107 So. 360, 362 (1926).

Black's Law Dictionary explains:

"Under the influence"... as used by statutes or ordinances, ... covers not only all well-known and easily recognized conditions and degrees of intoxication, but any abnormal mental or physical condition which is the result of indulging in any degree in intoxicating liquors, and which tends to deprive one of that clearness of intellect and control of himself which he would otherwise possess. Any condition where intoxicating liquor has so far affected the nervous system, brain or muscles of the driver so as to impair, to an applicable degree, his ability to operate his automobile in the manner that an ordinary, prudent and cautious man, in full possession of his faculties, using reasonable care, would operate or drive under like conditions. (emphasis supplied).

Black's Law Dictionary 1369 (5th ed.1979).

We agree with the court in Jackson v. State, 456 So.2d 916 (Fla. 1st DCA 1984) that "under the influence" as used by this statute means the driver's normal faculties were "impaired," not simply that the driver had consumed alcohol.

Whether a person has consumed sufficient alcohol to be deemed "under the influence" or impaired to an appreciable degree pursuant to section 316.1933(1) is a judgment call made by a police officer. It must be based on objective facts and circumstances observed by the officer at the time and place of the accident, and reliable information given to the officer by others. Keeton v. State, 525 So.2d 912 (Fla. 2d DCA), rev. denied, 534 So.2d 400 (Fla.1988); Jackson. Further, Florida courts require that the underlying facts, circumstances and information be sufficient to allow a person of reasonable caution to make the probable cause determination. State v. Cesaretti, 632 So.2d 1105 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994); Dorman v. State, 492 So.2d 1160 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986); Jackson.

The undisputed facts, circumstances and information known to Trooper Campbell (his observations as well as those of three eyewitnesses he interviewed before ordering the blood draw), establish a reasonable basis for him to conclude Brown was at the time of the accident, under the influence of alcohol to such a degree his normal faculties were impaired. Although witness Tucker, the medical assistant who had been following Brown's car in her own, testified Brown was driving carefully below the speed limit, she also said he was slowing down and speeding up in an unusual manner. She and the other two witnesses (Ricky Hartley and his daughter Christine) all saw Brown's car strike the bicyclist. The impact with Brown's car threw the bicyclist's body up on the hood and windshield and onto the shoulder of the road.

All three testified Brown did not immediately stop. He drove on 500-600 yards, braking two or three times before stopping on the shoulder of the road. During this time, Tucker followed the path of the bicyclist's body and located him lying on the shoulder of the road in the grass ...