State v. Burke

• Decision Date: 30 September 1986
• Docket Number: No. 49816,49816
• Citation: 719 S.W.2d 887
• Parties: STATE of Missouri, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. William F. BURKE, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Missouri Court of Appeals

Page 887

719 S.W.2d 887

STATE of Missouri, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. William F. BURKE, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 49816.

Missouri Court of Appeals,

Eastern District,

Division Four.

Sept. 30, 1986.

Motion for Rehearing and/or Transfer to Supreme Court Denied

Oct. 29, 1986.

Application to Transfer Denied Dec. 16, 1986.

Dorothy M. Hirzy, St. Louis, for defendant-appellant.

William L. Webster, Atty. Gen., John M. Morris, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, for plaintiff-respondent.

SATZ, Judge.

Defendant, William Burke, was found guilty by a jury of sodomy and kidnapping and was sentenced to a total of 29 1/2 years imprisonment. Defendant appeals. We affirm.

We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the state. On May 9, 1984, the complainant, a 12 year old girl, was grabbed by defendant while she was walking down Pennsylvania Avenue in the City of St. Louis. Defendant put complainant in his van and bound her feet and hands. He then drove the van to an alley where he sodomized her. Upon releasing her, defendant threatened to kill her if she told anyone about what had happened. The complainant related the incident to the police a few days later after being interviewed as a possible assault victim.

Defendant did not testify. His defense was the sodomy never occurred. Through cross-examination and attempted impeachment, he tried to discredit the complainant as a mixed up, fantasizing, easily manipulated child. This is the thrust of defendant's first argument on appeal. He contends the complainant's testimony was uncorroborated and was contrary not only to the physical facts of the scene of the alleged sodomy but also contrary to the testimony of the complainant's mother and sister. This uncorroborated, contradictory evidence, defendant argues, failed to make a submissible case. We disagree.

Defendant failed to preserve this issue for appeal. He did make oral motions for judgment of acquittal at the close of the state's case and at the close of the entire case. He did not, however, question the sufficiency of the evidence in his motion for new trial. See, e.g., State v. Healey, 562 S.W.2d 118, 130 (Mo.App.1978). Nonetheless, it is manifest injustice for a trial court to submit a case to the jury on evidence insufficient to make a submissible case. State v. Nations, 676 S.W.2d 282, 283 (Mo.App.1984). We, therefore, address the issue of whether the state made a submissible case.

Admittedly, in this case, the complainant's testimony was the only direct evidence that she was kidnapped and sodomized by defendant. Her uncorroborated testimony is sufficient to sustain a conviction, however, unless "it is so inherently contradictory or unbelievable as to cloud the mind of the court with doubt." E.g., State v. Salkil, 659 S.W.2d 330, 333 (Mo.App.1983). This does not mean there can be no contradictions or inconsistencies in her testimony. Inconsistencies related to unimportant details or minor points of a nonessential nature are not considered to be "clouded with doubt." E.g., State v. Johnson, 595 S.W.2d 774, 776 (Mo.App.1980). As long as her testimony about the essential matters of the crimes charged are without conflict, her uncorroborated testimony is sufficient evidence to make a submissible case. Id. See also State v. Harvey, 641 S.W.2d 792 (Mo.App.1982). "The occasional lapse of fact does not undermine the probity of that proof," State v. Salkil, 659 S.W.2d at 333, especially if the lapse occurs in the testimony of a child. See State v. Harvey, 641 S.W.2d 792, 801 (Mo.App.1982).

Here, the inconsistencies all pertain to collateral matters. For example, the complainant originally described the van to the police as yellow, but at trial she stated the van was yellow and white. She also gave somewhat conflicting descriptions of the van floor. These inconsistencies do not "cloud" our mind "with doubt". Moreover, contrasted to this type of inconsistency is complainant's unwavering description of the incident and identification of the defendant.

Defendant also notes the complainant testified the defendant let her out the back door of his van, but defendant contends his "evidence showed that this was impossible." Defendant misconstrues his evidence. Defendant's daughter testified "there's no way of getting out of the back doors of the van," and two people from defense counsel's office testified they were unable to get out through the back doors of the van on October 19, 1984 and December 8, 1984. Obviously, the jury could choose to disbelieve defendant's daughter and give little or no weight to tests performed on the doors of the van five and seven months after the alleged incident.

Defendant next attacks an evidentiary ruling made by the trial court. The court permitted the complainant's mother and sister to describe changes in the complainant's behavior and personality which took place after the date of the alleged incident. Defendant labels this testimony as disguised "rape (sodomy) trauma syndrome," and, as such, defendant argues, it was improperly admitted to bolster the complainant's credibility. We disagree.

Quite often, in sex offense cases like sodomy and rape, there are virtually no eyewitnesses. Circumstantial evidence, and the complainant's word, therefore, often constitute the only proof available to the state. Obviously, then, circumstantial evidence is important, and it becomes particularly critical when the defense to sexual offense is the complainant's alleged consent. In these instances, to bolster the uncorroborated word of the complainant, the state will rely on two kinds of circumstantial evidence to prove lack of consent--evidence of the complainant's physical condition and evidence of his or her psychological condition.

In Missouri, when the defense is consent, we permit expert as well as lay witnesses to describe the complainant's physical condition after the offense to show force was used and there was no consent. E.g., State v. Chandler, 314 S.W.2d 897, 901 (Mo.1958); State v. Mitchell, 339 Mo. 228, 96 S.W.2d 341, 343-44 (1936) (physician's testimony); State v. Murphy, 25 S.W. 95, 96 (Mo.1893). (lay testimony). We likewise permit expert as well as lay witnesses to describe the complainant's psychological or emotional condition after the offense to show there was no consent. State v. Phillips, 670 S.W.2d 28, 31-32 (Mo.App.1984); State v. Thompson, 668 S.W.2d 179, 181 (Mo.App.1984) (victim's testimony). See also State v. Taylor, 663 S.W.2d 235, 241 (Mo. banc 1984). The expert may testify that the psychological changes are consistent with those resulting from a traumatic or stressful sexual experience. See, State v. Taylor, 663 S.W.2d at 241. He may not, however, characterize the psychological changes as "rape trauma syndrome" because the limited scientific acceptability of this concept is outweighed by its potentially prejudicial effect. Id. at 239-42.

The admissibility of these types of circumstantial evidence is not limited to those sexual offenses to which the defense is consent. Our courts have both held and stated that evidence of the complainant's physical and psychological changes is relevant to prove the elements of the sexual offense itself and, thus, may be admitted to show the offense did in fact occur. State v. Ogle, 668 S.W.2d 138, 141-42 (Mo.App.1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 845, 105 S.Ct. 154, 83 L.Ed.2d 91 (1985). (mother's testimony). See also, State v. Burton, 198 S.W.2d 19, 21 (Mo.1946). (mother and father's testimony about daughter's physical condition in action for statutory rape); State v. Foster, 490 S.W.2d 662, 664-65 (Mo.App.1973). (no mention that consent was a defense).

In State v. Ogle, supra the defendant testified the complainant lied about the rape. The court held the mother's testimony about her daughter's behavioral changes after the date of offense was relevant and admissible to show the rape had occurred. The Court reasoned:

If there was no question but that a rape had occurred, such evidence would not be relevant, but where there is a question whether the complainant was forcibly raped, her condition long after the rape may be relevant. That is particularly true where, as here, the defendant contends that the complaining witness lied about the rape. Id. at 141.

The foregoing cases show how we reached our present position on this issue. Common experience teaches us a sexual offense can cause behavioral and personality changes in the complainant. Evidence of such changes renders the occurrence of the offense more probable than it would be without such evidence. This evidence is, therefore, relevant. State v. Thompson, 668 S.W.2d 179, 181 (Mo.App.1984); State v. Berry, 609 S.W.2d 948, 954 (Mo. banc 1980). The probative value of this evidence has been weighed against its potentially prejudicial effect to determine whether to exclude the evidence. The relative trustworthiness of observations of change by disinterested experts and those by interested kin is included in this determination. The determination has been and is to permit kin as well as experts to testify about their observations. State v. Ogle, supra. This is what the trial court did here.

During the state's case, both counsel engaged in an extensive in chambers conference concerning the mother and sister's possible testimony about changes in the complainant's behavior. From defense counsel, the trial court established that defendant's theory, unquestionably, was the incident never occurred, and, from the state, the trial court established the mother and sister's testimony would be limited to the period immediately after the date of the alleged incident. Then, following its express understanding of State v. Ogle, supra, the trial court permitted the mother to testify that the complainant, her daughter, did not want to go back to school, her grades began to drop, she began to have nightmares and she would not go outside unless someone was with her. The sister testified complainant became...