State v. Foster, C–160337
| Decision Date | 29 December 2017 |
| Docket Number | NO. C–160337,C–160337 |
| Citation | 102 N.E.3d 1199,2017 Ohio 9318 |
| Parties | STATE of Ohio, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. David FOSTER, Defendant–Appellant. |
| Court | Ohio Court of Appeals |
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Melynda J. Machol, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff–Appellee,
Bryan R. Perkins and Michael K. Allen, Cincinnati, for Defendant–Appellant.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant David Foster appeals from the Hamilton County Common Pleas Court's judgment overruling his "Motion to Vacate, Set–Aside, and Resentence Due to Void Judgment." We affirm the court's judgment as modified, but remand for correction of the sentencing entry.
{¶ 2} Foster was convicted in 2005 of conspiracy, drug possession, and drug trafficking. In his direct appeal, we vacated his sentences and remanded for resentencing in light of the Ohio Supreme Court's decision in State v. Foster , 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, 845 N.E.2d 470. State v. Foster , 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-050378, 2006-Ohio-1567, 2006 WL 825268, appeal not accepted , 110 Ohio St.3d 1439, 2006-Ohio-3862, 852 N.E.2d 188. Then, in his appeal from his 2006 resentencing, we vacated his sentences and remanded for merger consistent with R.C. 2941.25. State v. Foster , 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C–060720 (June 27, 2007), aff'd , 118 Ohio St.3d 265, 2008-Ohio-2542, 888 N.E.2d 411. The trial court resentenced Foster on September 4, 2008, merging the possession and conspiracy charges into the trafficking charge and imposing consecutive prison terms of ten years for trafficking and seven years for the major-drug-offender specification accompanying that charge. We affirmed that conviction on appeal. State v. Foster , 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C–080929 (Aug. 8, 2009), appeal not accepted , 123 Ohio St.3d 1511, 2009-Ohio-6210, 917 N.E.2d 812.
{¶ 3} Foster unsuccessfully challenged his trafficking conviction in postconviction motions filed with the common pleas court in 2006, 2007, 2013, and 2015. See State v. Foster , 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C–130369 (Feb. 26, 2014), appeals not accepted , 139 Ohio St.3d 1419, 2014-Ohio-2487, 10 N.E.3d 738 ; State v. Foster , 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C–070518 (June 11, 2008), appeal not accepted , 119 Ohio St.3d 1488, 2008-Ohio-5273, 894 N.E.2d 1245 ; State v. Foster , 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C–060065 and C–060121 (Jan. 10, 2007). In this appeal from the overruling of his 2015 "Motion to Vacate, Set–Aside, and Resentence Due to Void Judgment," he advances two assignments of error.
{¶ 4} In his first assignment of error, Foster contends that the common pleas court erred in failing to afford him the relief sought in his motion. The assignment of error is well taken in part.
{¶ 5} In his motion, Foster sought correction of that part of the 2008 judgment of conviction that stated that he was "not eligible for intensive prison program, transitional control, judicial release, or any other early release program and is to serve this sentence in its entirety." He argued that those portions of his sentence were void, because the trial court was not authorized by law to effectively "require him to serve * * * as if it were a mandatory sentence" the seven-year prison term imposed for the major-drug-offender specification, because the court, prematurely and without findings, disapproved transitional control, and because the court acted without statutory authority when it effectively excluded him from eligibility for any present or future early-release program, such as the earned-days-of-credit program under R.C. 2967.193, by expressly declaring him "not eligible" for early release and by ordering him "to serve his prison sentence in its entirety."
{¶ 6} Judgment of conviction not correctable under any statute or criminal rule. Foster did not specify in his postconviction motion a statute or rule under which the relief sought might have been afforded, leaving the common pleas court free to "recast" the motion "into whatever category necessary to identify and establish the criteria by which the motion should be judged." State v. Schlee , 117 Ohio St.3d 153, 2008-Ohio-545, 882 N.E.2d 431, ¶ 12 and syllabus. But the motion was not reviewable under the standards provided by R.C. 2953.21 et seq., governing the proceedings upon a petition for postconviction relief, when the motion alleged statutory, rather than constitutional, violations. See R.C. 2953.21(A)(1). The motion was not reviewable under Crim.R. 32.1, as a motion to withdraw a guilty plea, or under Crim.R. 33, as a motion for a new trial, when Foster had been convicted of trafficking following a jury trial, and the motion sought resentencing rather than a new trial. Nor was the motion reviewable under R.C. Chapter 2731 as a petition for a writ of mandamus, under R.C. Chapter 2721 as a declaratory judgment action, or under R.C. Chapter 2725 as a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, when the motion did not satisfy those statutes' procedural requirements. See R.C. 2731.04, 2721.12(A), and 2725.04. And Crim.R. 57(B) did not require the common pleas court to review pursuant to the procedures provided under Civ.R. 60(B) the challenges advanced in the motion, because Foster's judgment of conviction had been reviewable under the procedures provided for a direct appeal. See State v. Smith , 1st Dist. Hamilton, 2016-Ohio-3521, 68 N.E.3d 114, ¶ 19. Accordingly, the postconviction statutes and rules did not confer upon the common pleas court jurisdiction to entertain the challenges advanced in Foster's motion.
{¶ 7} Jurisdiction to correct void portions of the judgment of conviction. But a court always has jurisdiction to correct a void judgment. See State ex rel. Cruzado v. Zaleski , 111 Ohio St.3d 353, 2006-Ohio-5795, 856 N.E.2d 263, ¶ 18–19. And we conclude that the common pleas court had jurisdiction to correct as void that portion of Foster's judgment of conviction that excluded him from "any * * * early release program" and ordered him "to serve his prison sentence in its entirety."
{¶ 8} In State v. Livingston , 2014-Ohio-1637, 9 N.E.3d 1117 (1st Dist.), the trial court had included the following language in the judgment of conviction entered upon Livingston's guilty plea to voluntary manslaughter: "Pursuant to a plea agreement between the parties, the defendant herein is not eligible for risk reduction, intensive prison programs, earned days of credit, transitional control, judicial release, or any other early release program and is to serve this sentence in its entirety." Id. at ¶ 2. In his direct appeal, Livingston argued that the trial court had lacked the authority to limit his eligibility to earn credit against his prison term under R.C. 2967.193 for participating in approved prison programs. Livingston at ¶ 3. Because the earned-credit statute identified eligible offenders and conferred upon the department of rehabilitation and correction, not the trial court, the authority to determine and award the credit, we concluded that that portion of Livingston's sentence declaring him ineligible for earned days of credit was not authorized by law and was thus subject to review on direct appeal. Id. at ¶ 4–7, citing R.C. 2953.08(D)(1). And we vacated and remanded for correction that portion of his sentence. Id. at ¶ 10.
{¶ 9} Our holding in Livingston was based on principles, recently reaffirmed by the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Williams , 148 Ohio St.3d 403, 2016-Ohio-7658, 71 N.E.3d 234, that the Ohio General Assembly is vested with the power to define criminal offenses and prescribe punishment, and that the only sentence that a trial court may impose is that authorized by statute. Id. at ¶ 20 and 22, citing Colegrove v. Burns, 175 Ohio St. 437, 438, 195 N.E.2d 811 (1964), and State v. Fischer, 128 Ohio St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-6238, 942 N.E.2d 332, ¶ 21–22. See Livingston at ¶ 6. The court in Williams also reaffirmed principles pertinent to our review here of Foster's collateral attacks on his sentence, that a sentence that is not authorized by statute is void and thus reviewable at any time, but a sentence imposed by a trial court with jurisdiction and the statutory authority to act is not rendered void by an error in imposing the sentence and may only be challenged on direct appeal. Williams at ¶ 20–23, citing State v. Beasley, 14 Ohio St.3d 74, 75, 471 N.E.2d 774 (1984), Fischer at ¶ 6–7, 21–23 and 30, and State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-Ohio-4642, 873 N.E.2d 306, ¶ 28.
{¶ 10} In Livingston , we noted for purposes of contrast that while the General Assembly had provided no role for the judiciary in determining eligibility for earned credit under R.C. 2967.193, it had expressly conferred upon trial courts the authority under R.C. 5120.032(B)(1)(a) to determine eligibility for placement in an intensive prison program and under R.C. 2967.26 to disapprove a transfer into a transitional control program. Livingston at ¶ 7–9. For those same reasons, in the reopened appeal in State v. Brown , 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130120, 2016-Ohio-310, 2016 WL 524350, we sustained an assignment of error challenging the trial court's authority to include in Brown's judgment of conviction an earned-credit restriction, but overruled assignments of error challenging restrictions on his eligibility for transitional control and judicial release. Brown at ¶ 13–19. We further note that the version of R.C. 2925.03(C)(6)(g) effective in 2008, when Foster was resentenced,...
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